<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><?xml-stylesheet href="http://www.blogger.com/styles/atom.css" type="text/css"?><feed xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom' xmlns:openSearch='http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearchrss/1.0/' xmlns:georss='http://www.georss.org/georss' xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3414960952996672974</id><updated>2011-11-27T18:32:43.581-05:00</updated><category term='Eagleton'/><category term='Said'/><category term='Modernism'/><category term='democracia'/><category term='Libros'/><category term='Albert Camus'/><category term='English-only'/><category term='child'/><category term='cancer'/><category term='Cabrujas'/><category term='xenophobia'/><category term='Conrad'/><category term='wheeler'/><category term='Borges. Poe'/><category term='li'/><category term='epistemic closure'/><category term='Nashville'/><category term='Castiglione'/><category term='news'/><category term='books'/><category term='Literatura'/><category term='natalicio'/><category term='conservatism'/><category term='immigration'/><category term='Portugal'/><category term='death'/><category term='opposition'/><category term='Latin America'/><category term='polymath'/><category term='films'/><category term='Pausch'/><category term='Middle Ages'/><category term='Telenovela'/><category term='Borges'/><category term='San Nicolás'/><category term='libertarianism'/><category term='Magic realism'/><category term='freedom'/><category term='Mercado'/><category term='stupidity'/><category term='Latino America'/><category term='quantum'/><category term='Kabbalah'/><category term='Virtue'/><category term='animal rights'/><category term='encryption'/><category term='emergence'/><category term='Criticism'/><category term='Martín Solares'/><category term='Foucault'/><category term='Joseph Heller'/><category term='venezuela'/><category term='Clark'/><category term='hustory'/><category term='Verbal'/><category term='Benedetti'/><category term='society'/><category term='Bauer'/><category term='Ignatius H. Berry'/><category term='Kauffman'/><category term='Ulysses'/><category term='science fiction'/><category term='British'/><category term='Arizona'/><category term='authoritarianism'/><category term='Terry Eagleton'/><category term='nativism'/><category term='Nazism'/><category term='Cine'/><category term='racism'/><category term='times'/><category term='FOX News'/><category term='princeton'/><category term='Il Postino'/><category term='Julian Sanchez'/><category term='God'/><category term='security'/><category term='cosmology'/><category term='Christmas'/><category term='aniversario'/><category term='government'/><category term='philosophy'/><category term='Zygmunt Bauman'/><category term='Renaissance'/><category term='post-racial'/><category term='genealogy'/><category term='Navidad'/><category term='Inception'/><category term='Solzhenitsyn'/><category term='inscripciones'/><category term='Sir Edward Downes'/><category term='novela'/><category term='Volpi'/><category term='Argentina'/><category term='Brigitte Bardot'/><category term='Garcilaso'/><category term='Roberto Bolaño'/><category term='Premio Rómulo Gallegos'/><category term='New York Times'/><category term='Neruda'/><category term='Essentialism'/><category term='sotillo family'/><category term='Miranda'/><category term='Russia'/><category term='Barack Obama'/><category term='11-S'/><category term='Bloomsday'/><category term='Gombrowicz'/><category term='colonialismo'/><category term='Reality'/><category term='Hannah Arendt'/><category term='W. Somerset Maugham'/><category term='Space'/><category term='Airplanes'/><category term='freedom of speech'/><category term='politica'/><category term='Marxism'/><category term='complexity'/><category term='euthanasia'/><category term='USA'/><category term='Krugman'/><category term='hope'/><category term='Politics'/><category term='Avatar'/><category term='existentialism'/><category term='filosofía'/><category term='Rand Paul'/><category term='paratexts'/><category term='Cuba'/><category term='Humanism'/><category term='orientalism'/><category term='nonlinear dynamics'/><category term='teoría crítica'/><category term='computer'/><category term='Robinson Crusoe'/><category term='Poetry'/><category term='physics'/><category term='Spanish'/><category term='football'/><category term='Christopher Buckley'/><category term='science'/><category term='Manrique'/><category term='Carl Sagan'/><category term='Televisión'/><category term='Phoenix'/><category term='liberty'/><category term='Juan Boscan'/><category term='Internet'/><category term='research'/><category term='ebooks'/><category term='liberalism'/><category term='intolerance'/><category term='entrevistas'/><category term='Apocalypse'/><category term='Eric Rohmer'/><category term='Culture'/><category term='Walter Benjamin'/><category term='Mars'/><category term='Lugones'/><category term='Gabriel García Marquez'/><category term='Uruguay'/><category term='Premio Nobel'/><category term='Pierre Menard'/><category term='life'/><category term='literature'/><category term='economics'/><category term='totalitarianism'/><category term='Wilson Library'/><category term='Boston Globe'/><category term='Mario Vargas Llosa'/><category term='narratology'/><category term='Cormac McCarthy'/><category term='2666'/><category term='foolishness'/><category term='religion'/><category term='mathematics'/><category term='UNC'/><category term='Matt Yglesias'/><category term='chaos'/><category term='James Joyce'/><category term='Francia'/><category term='Ateneo Caracas'/><category term='Christopher Nolan'/><category term='Bolaño'/><category term='Saramgo'/><category term='Nobel peace prize'/><category term='Nazi'/><category term='Margot Benacerraf'/><title type='text'>The Invisible Friend (El Amigo Invisible)</title><subtitle type='html'>My thoughts on technology, literature, philosophy and that little trick we call life.</subtitle><link rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#feed' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default?max-results=100'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/'/><link rel='hub' href='http://pubsubhubbub.appspot.com/'/><author><name>Samuel F. Sotillo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05537777895508725811</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='23' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/Sz5wwg8NUDI/AAAAAAAAAFk/Wv-1zeDTddA/S220/me+7b.jpg'/></author><generator version='7.00' uri='http://www.blogger.com'>Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>91</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>100</openSearch:itemsPerPage><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3414960952996672974.post-443752751924358504</id><published>2010-11-24T09:54:00.000-05:00</published><updated>2010-11-24T09:54:31.192-05:00</updated><title type='text'>Moved!!</title><content type='html'>Finalmente completé la migración de mi blog a mi sitio web personal. A partir de ahora no voy a actualizar más esta instancia de mi blog sino que todos mis comentarios aparecerán en &lt;a href="http://samuelsotillo.com/"&gt;http://samuelsotillo.com&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3414960952996672974-443752751924358504?l=samuelsotillo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/feeds/443752751924358504/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3414960952996672974&amp;postID=443752751924358504' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/443752751924358504'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/443752751924358504'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/2010/11/moved.html' title='Moved!!'/><author><name>Samuel F. Sotillo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05537777895508725811</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='23' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/Sz5wwg8NUDI/AAAAAAAAAFk/Wv-1zeDTddA/S220/me+7b.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3414960952996672974.post-296668233139518146</id><published>2010-10-07T20:57:00.003-04:00</published><updated>2010-10-09T21:05:51.615-04:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Borges'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Literatura'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='politica'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Mario Vargas Llosa'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Premio Nobel'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Gabriel García Marquez'/><title type='text'>Vargas Llosa, Borges  y la elusividad del Nobel</title><content type='html'>Sorprende y alegra la &lt;a href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/2010/"&gt;decisión&lt;/a&gt; de la Academia Sueca de otorgar el &lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anexo:Premio_Nobel_de_Literatura"&gt;Premio Nobel de Literatura&lt;/a&gt;, correspondiente a 2010, al escritor peruano &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Vargas_Llosa"&gt;Mario Vargas Llosa&lt;/a&gt;. Debo confesar que siempre pensé que Vargas Llosa no tenía ningún chance de recibir un galardón que, por lo general, y de acuerdo a cierta lógica difusa y poco consistente, suele evadir a escritores que, como es el caso del peruano, se inclinan hacia el lado "equivocado" del espectro político.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;El ejemplo más elocuente de la implacable aplicación de esta lógica difusa por la Academia nórdica es, por supuesto, Borges. Aunque casi universalmente reconocido como una de las mayores figuras literarias de nuestro continente, Borges nunca recibió el Nobel. Él, quizás con la misma irónica dialéctica que castigara a aquel coronel de un famoso cuento de Gabriel García Marquez (quién, por cierto, sí recibió el premio), se quedó toda su vida esperando a ese elusivo telegrama o llamada telefónica de Estocolmo que, como la pensión del viejo coronel, nunca se materializó.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;El mismísimo Gabo &lt;a href="http://sololiteratura.com/ggm/marquezelfantasma.htm"&gt;escribió&lt;/a&gt; una vez sobre una de esas múltiples oportunidades en las que Borges estuvo muy cerca de ser galardonado, pero en la que la fortuna le jugó, no sin que mediara un poco de ayuda de su parte, una amarga trastada.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Según explica el veterano García marquez, "los académicos suecos se ponen de acuerdo en mayo, cuando se   empieza a fundir la nieve, y estudian la obra de los pocos finalistas durante   el calor del verano. En octubre, todavía tostados por los soles del Sur,   emiten su veredicto". En 1976, Borges era uno de los finalistas que había sobrevivido a la primera votación, en mayo, y uno de los candidatos más fuertes para obtener la aprobación final, en octubre. Sin embargo, el ganador final no fue Borges sino el tal vez más aburrido escritor de origen canadiense &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saul_Bellow"&gt;Saul Bellow&lt;/a&gt;. El Gabo explica:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;Lo cierto es que, el 22 de septiembre de   aquel año -un mes antes de la votación-, Borges había hecho algo que no tenía   nada que ver con su literatura magistral: &lt;a href="http://sololiteratura.com/bor/boreldiaque.htm"&gt;visitó en audiencia solemne al    general Augusto Pinochet&lt;/a&gt;. «Es un honor inmerecido ser recibido por usted,   señor presidente», dijo en su desdichado discurso. «En Argentina, Chile y   Uruguay se están salvando la libertad y el orden», prosiguió, sin que nadie se   lo preguntara. Y concluyó impasible: «Ello ocurre en un continente anarquisado   y socavado por el comunismo». Era fácil pensar que tantas barbaridades   sucesivas sólo eran posibles para tomarle el pelo a Pinochet. Pero los suecos   no entienden el sentido del humor porteño. Desde entonces, el nombre de Borges   había desaparecido de los pronósticos.&lt;/blockquote&gt;Pero aquel era Borges, que siempre fue, con cierto dejo de ironía y provocación, ambiguo en cosas de política. Vargas Llosa, en cambio, es más consistente y claro en sus posturas, así que alegra que se premiara su obra sin importar su política.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3414960952996672974-296668233139518146?l=samuelsotillo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/feeds/296668233139518146/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3414960952996672974&amp;postID=296668233139518146' title='2 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/296668233139518146'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/296668233139518146'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/2010/10/vargas-llosa-borges-y-la-elusividad-del.html' title='Vargas Llosa, Borges  y la elusividad del Nobel'/><author><name>Samuel F. Sotillo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05537777895508725811</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='23' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/Sz5wwg8NUDI/AAAAAAAAAFk/Wv-1zeDTddA/S220/me+7b.jpg'/></author><thr:total>2</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3414960952996672974.post-2926631710550502832</id><published>2010-09-12T13:52:00.011-04:00</published><updated>2010-09-23T23:40:57.838-04:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Zygmunt Bauman'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='11-S'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='totalitarianism'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='politica'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Hannah Arendt'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='philosophy'/><title type='text'>El segundo 11-S y el Holocausto</title><content type='html'>El &lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocausto"&gt;Holocausto&lt;/a&gt; es uno de esos eventos del Siglo XX que resultan extremadamente difíciles de asimilar y, más aún, entender. Sobre él han escrito muchos estudiosos. Por ejemplo, la escritora y filósofa alemana &lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arendt"&gt;Hannah Arendt&lt;/a&gt;, en su libro &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.amazon.com/Eichmann-Jerusalen-Spanish-Hannah-Arendt/dp/8483460661?ie=UTF8&amp;amp;tag=ssblog05-20&amp;amp;link_code=btl&amp;amp;camp=213689&amp;amp;creative=392969" target="_blank"&gt;Eichmann en Jerusalén&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="http://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=ssblog05-20&amp;amp;l=btl&amp;amp;camp=213689&amp;amp;creative=392969&amp;amp;o=1&amp;amp;a=8483460661" style="border: medium none ! important; margin: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important;" width="1" /&gt;&lt;/i&gt;, considera el Holocausto como el producto de una sociedad donde el mal ha sido banalizado hasta el extremo de que, por ejemplo, asesinos como &lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Eichmann"&gt;Adolf Eichmann&lt;/a&gt;, quien fue responsable directo del exterminio de miles de judíos en las cámaras de gas, no cometieron sus crímenes motivados por un instinto diabólico, sino por "pura y simple irreflexión". Para ella, como para todos nosotros aún hoy, la dificultad radica, precisamente, en entender cómo es posible que, en pleno siglo XX, algo tan horrible y monstruoso pudo ocurrir.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Dejando a un lado el breve paréntesis de horror que significó la Primera Guerra Mundial, el Siglo XX se había iniciado con un dejo de optimismo y buen talante. Avances en medicina, transporte, comunicaciones y hasta en entretenimiento (e.g., el cine y la fotografía), parecían augurar un futuro de constante progreso material e indetenible enriquecimiento espiritual. Como epicentro de todo ello, Europa parecía ser el epítome de la civilización, cuna de la democracia y la tolerancia, prueba incuestionable del triunfo de la &lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernidad"&gt;modernidad&lt;/a&gt;. Sin embargo, y a pesar de todo ese optimismo y del aparente imperio del racionalismo iluminista, el Holocausto emerge, sucede, como suerte de afrenta, golpe violento que derrumba el edificio entero de la civilización moderna. Veinte millones de personas son exterminadas con la misma precisión y eficacia con la que las &lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Producci%C3%B3n_en_cadena"&gt;líneas de producción&lt;/a&gt; de &lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Ford"&gt;Ford&lt;/a&gt; producen sus famosos modelos &lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_T"&gt;T&lt;/a&gt;. Y ante ese horror, Occidente no sabe qué hacer, abandonado como estaba ante la visión de un mal que parecía ocultarse en su ser más profundo. ¿Cómo fue posible?, es la pregunta que continúa torturándonos a todos...&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Después de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, Zygmunt Bauman, un sociólogo polaco quien, como Arendt, apenas pudo escapar del exterminio Nazi, escribió lo que es, probablemente, el mejor estudio sociológico del Holocausto: &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.amazon.com/Modernity-Holocaust-Zygmunt-Bauman/dp/0801487196?ie=UTF8&amp;amp;tag=ssblog05-20&amp;amp;link_code=btl&amp;amp;camp=213689&amp;amp;creative=392969" target="_blank"&gt;Modernity and the Holocaust&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="http://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=ssblog05-20&amp;amp;l=btl&amp;amp;camp=213689&amp;amp;creative=392969&amp;amp;o=1&amp;amp;a=0801487196" style="border: medium none ! important; margin: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important;" width="1" /&gt;. Para Bauman, nuestra respuesta al horror del Holocausto suele articularse de dos maneras.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Primero, considerándola algo ajeno a la verdadera naturaleza de nuestra civilización, una &lt;a href="http://www.wordreference.com/definicion/singularidad"&gt;singularidad &lt;/a&gt;en un continuo histórico donde el progreso material y el crecimiento espiritual parecieran ser las tendencias dominantes. Bajo esta perspectiva, el Holocausto fue un evento con causas internas. Fue el efecto de una condición humana torcida, de una naturaleza malévola, que nada tiene que ver con la naturaleza colectiva de la civilización, con el potencial civilizador y progresista de la modernidad.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;La segunda opción de Bauman es ver el Holocausto como un evento privado, algo que le ocurrió a un grupo específico de personas (los judíos), y que es consecuencia de cierto patrón histórico; es decir, de cierto mal hereditario pre-moderno. Algo así piensan quienes ven en el anti-semitismo europeo una suerte de gen transmisor de una patología social que, desde tiempos pre-modernos, ha vivido latente en la sociedad continental, y cuyo brote último y más violento ha sido el genocidio Nazi. Lo esencial es que el mismo no es más que una reacción particular a una cultura (la judía) que, desde el comienzo de la era cristiana, ha sido siempre objeto de persecución y escarnio. Reacción que por mucho tiempo se ha dado sobre malos términos, y que debido a esa mala historia dio como consecuencia el horror que conocemos. En todo caso, un horror contingente, único a las condiciones en que se dio: los judíos en la Alemania antisemita.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Lo importante sobre el estudio de Bauman es que el mismo analiza la manera como ambas estrategias funcionan para lograr un mismo fin: el de evadir la respuesta más obvia. ¿Cuál respuesta? La que nos obliga a aceptar que el problema no es algo ajeno a la esencia de eso que llamamos modernidad, ni es algo particular a un grupo dentro de la cultura occidental, sino algo más profundo y sistemático que afecta a nuestra civilización como un todo. Al buscar chivos expiatorios, lo que queremos realmente es asegurar nuestra paz mental. Como dice Bauman: "The more ‘they’ are to blame, the more the rest of ‘us’ are safe, and the less we have to do to defend that safety" (xii).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Si pensamos en lo que ocurre con la memoria del 11-S de 2001 aquí en los EUA, es difícil no establecer una conexión con las ideas de Bauman sobre el Holocausto. Al igual que con el horror de este último, el horror del 11-S suele también articularse en esos dos modos que describe Bauman. Y como en el caso del genocidio Nazi, los intentos de sanación que vemos operando hoy día tienen el mismo efecto: reprimir nuestras responsabilidades y sentimientos de culpa, rechazar la insoportable idea de que nosotros también somos parte del problema. Si algo explica la intolerancia y la rabia, es la ineludible certeza de que lo ocurrido no es un evento singular y/o fortuito, sino una manifestación de un problema más fundamental y profundo que afecta la totalidad de esa &lt;i&gt;condición &lt;/i&gt;que algunos llaman pos-moderna, pero que no es más que una extensión de esa otra que Bauman llama modernidad.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3414960952996672974-2926631710550502832?l=samuelsotillo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/feeds/2926631710550502832/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3414960952996672974&amp;postID=2926631710550502832' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/2926631710550502832'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/2926631710550502832'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/2010/09/el-segundo-11-s-y-el-holocausto.html' title='El segundo 11-S y el Holocausto'/><author><name>Samuel F. Sotillo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05537777895508725811</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='23' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/Sz5wwg8NUDI/AAAAAAAAAFk/Wv-1zeDTddA/S220/me+7b.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3414960952996672974.post-3245002693812190451</id><published>2010-09-11T15:29:00.001-04:00</published><updated>2010-09-11T15:31:08.096-04:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='totalitarianism'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='politica'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Politics'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='intolerance'/><title type='text'>Apostilla sobre Tocqueville</title><content type='html'>Para el que prefiera leer el original de la cita que usamos &lt;a href="http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/2010/09/los-ecos-de-tocqueville.html"&gt;ayer&lt;/a&gt; del libro de Tocqueville, hay &lt;a href="http://classiques.uqac.ca/classiques/De_tocqueville_alexis/democratie_1/democratie_tome1.html"&gt;una versión&lt;/a&gt; de la misma en línea, de la que citamos el mismo párrafo:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;Si jamais la liberté se perd en Amérique, il faudra s'en prendre à l'omnipotence de la majorité qui aura porté les minorités au désespoir et les aura forcées de faire un appel à la force matérielle. On verra alors l'anarchie, mais elle arrivera comme conséquence du despotisme.&lt;/blockquote&gt;Queda abierta la cuestión del uso del condicional francés (condicional perfecto) en el original y el más contingente &lt;i&gt;may&lt;/i&gt; de la versión inglesa.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3414960952996672974-3245002693812190451?l=samuelsotillo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/feeds/3245002693812190451/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3414960952996672974&amp;postID=3245002693812190451' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/3245002693812190451'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/3245002693812190451'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/2010/09/apostilla-sobre-tocqueville.html' title='Apostilla sobre Tocqueville'/><author><name>Samuel F. Sotillo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05537777895508725811</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='23' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/Sz5wwg8NUDI/AAAAAAAAAFk/Wv-1zeDTddA/S220/me+7b.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3414960952996672974.post-2647647182298331037</id><published>2010-09-10T23:25:00.001-04:00</published><updated>2010-09-11T14:08:26.640-04:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='democracia'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='religion'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='liberty'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='intolerance'/><title type='text'>Los ecos de Tocqueville</title><content type='html'>Borges dijo alguna vez que la democracia era un abuso de la estadística. Imagino que algo similar preocupaba al historiador francés &lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville"&gt;Alexis de Tocqueville&lt;/a&gt;, quien, luego de una corta visita a los EUA en 1831, escribió un libro que algunos consideran una radiografía de la democracia estadounidense de mediados del siglo XIX (el título es &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.amazon.com/Democratie-En-Amerique-French/dp/2070323544?ie=UTF8&amp;amp;tag=ssblog05-20&amp;amp;link_code=btl&amp;amp;camp=213689&amp;amp;creative=392969" target="_blank"&gt;De la démocratie en Amérique&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="http://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=ssblog05-20&amp;amp;l=btl&amp;amp;camp=213689&amp;amp;creative=392969&amp;amp;o=1&amp;amp;a=2070323544" style="border: medium none ! important; margin: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important;" width="1" /&gt;). En el capítulo 15, donde nos habla sobre los peligros de la&lt;a href="http://xroads.virginia.edu/%7EHYPER/DETOC/1_ch15.htm"&gt; tiranía de las mayorías&lt;/a&gt;, Tocqueville nos dice:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;If ever the free institutions of America are destroyed, thatevent may be attributed to the omnipotence of the majority, whichmay at some future time urge the minorities to desperation andoblige them to have recourse to physical force. Anarchy will thenbe the result, but it will have been brought about by despotism. &lt;/blockquote&gt;Hoy leía &lt;a href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/sep/10/us-muslims-america-alienated-hatred"&gt;un artículo&lt;/a&gt; publicado por &lt;i&gt;The Guardian&lt;/i&gt; donde se describe el estado de desesperación en que se encuentran algunas familias musulmanas en el pueblito de Murfreesboro, Tennessee. En medio de la &lt;a href="http://www.blogger.com/%27http://www.huffingtonpost.com/mark-r-cohen/the-meaning-of-cordoba_b_707973.html"&gt;disputa por el Centro Musulmán en Nueva York&lt;/a&gt; y la amenaza (que sólo cabe calificar como terrorista) de la &lt;a href="http://onfaith.washingtonpost.com/onfaith/undergod/2010/09/terry_jones_im_just_trying_to_live_my_faith.html"&gt;quema del Corán&lt;/a&gt; en Gainesville, Florida, estas familias, que tienen años viviendo pacíficamente en el pueblito sureño, se descubren ahora objeto de la desconfianza e, incluso, del odio de sus vecinos. A eso se añaden &lt;a href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/09/08/AR2010090806231.html?hpid=topnews"&gt;unas escuentas&lt;/a&gt; que indican que la mayoría de los habitantes de este país tienen una opinión negativa sobre el Islam, lo que explica la reacción de la chusma &lt;i&gt;murfreesboreana&lt;/i&gt;. En fin, leyendo esto no pude evitar pensar en Borges y Tocqueville. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Post scriptum: por cierto, muchos años antes que Tocqueville, por 1781-1782, el venezolano &lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_de_Miranda"&gt;Francisco de Miranda&lt;/a&gt; también visitó el país de Jefferson y Washington, dejando un informe no tan detallado pero mucho más cándido, en sus conclusiones, que el de Tocqueville (el título en inglés es &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.amazon.com/New-Democracy-America-Travels-Francisco/dp/0806111623?ie=UTF8&amp;amp;tag=ssblog05-20&amp;amp;link_code=btl&amp;amp;camp=213689&amp;amp;creative=392969" target="_blank"&gt;The New Democracy in America&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="http://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=ssblog05-20&amp;amp;l=btl&amp;amp;camp=213689&amp;amp;creative=392969&amp;amp;o=1&amp;amp;a=0806111623" style="border: medium none ! important; margin: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important;" width="1" /&gt;).&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3414960952996672974-2647647182298331037?l=samuelsotillo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/feeds/2647647182298331037/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3414960952996672974&amp;postID=2647647182298331037' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/2647647182298331037'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/2647647182298331037'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/2010/09/los-ecos-de-tocqueville.html' title='Los ecos de Tocqueville'/><author><name>Samuel F. Sotillo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05537777895508725811</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='23' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/Sz5wwg8NUDI/AAAAAAAAAFk/Wv-1zeDTddA/S220/me+7b.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3414960952996672974.post-939195189247737334</id><published>2010-08-29T13:13:00.006-04:00</published><updated>2010-09-11T15:38:13.351-04:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Borges'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Literatura'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Cormac McCarthy'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='liberalism'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='philosophy'/><title type='text'>Las inscripciones de autos</title><content type='html'>En días pasados llevaba el auto a la estación de gasolina cuando en frente de mí venía esta enorme &lt;i&gt;SUV&lt;/i&gt; roja que portaba una calcomanía (&lt;i&gt;sticker&lt;/i&gt;), azul y roja, creo, con una inscripción que, de inmediato, captó mi atención. La inscripción decía: "I believe that forgiving the terrorists is God's function. Our job is simply to arrange the meeting" ("Creo que perdonar a los terroristas es el trabajo de Dios. El nuestro (los EEUU) es arreglar el encuentro").&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Dos cosas pasaron por mi cabeza cuando vi la inscripción. Primero, recordé el ensayo de Borges sobre las inscripciones que adornaban los carros de caballos en el Buenos Aires de principios del siglo XX; algo sobre lo que comenté en mi &lt;a href="http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/2010/08/que-es-la-literatura.html?spref=fb"&gt;nota&lt;/a&gt; anterior. Allí Borges discurría sobre el posible valor social de estas "letras de carro", así como sobre su, quizas para algunos más cuestionable, valor literario (digo &lt;i&gt;valor&lt;/i&gt; &lt;i&gt;social&lt;/i&gt; porque el énfasis está en su valor retórico que, a su vez y como bien nos recuerda Eagleton en su famoso &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.amazon.com/Literary-Theory-Introduction-Terry-Eagleton/dp/0816654476?ie=UTF8&amp;amp;tag=ssblog05-20&amp;amp;link_code=btl&amp;amp;camp=213689&amp;amp;creative=392969" target="_blank"&gt;Literary Theory&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="http://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=ssblog05-20&amp;amp;l=btl&amp;amp;camp=213689&amp;amp;creative=392969&amp;amp;o=1&amp;amp;a=0816654476" style="border: medium none ! important; margin: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important;" width="1" /&gt;, hace énfasis en la manera como el lenguaje es efectivo "at the point of 'comsumption'").&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Por cierto, vale la pena advertir que la fuente de &lt;strike&gt;tan florida&lt;/strike&gt; la frase no es otro sino el &lt;a href="http://www.snopes.com/military/norman.asp"&gt;mismísimo&lt;/a&gt; General &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Schwarzkopf,_Jr."&gt;Norman Schwarzkopf&lt;/a&gt;, héroe de la Guerra del Golfo (y al que apodan, no sin un dejo de ironía, "Stormin" Norman).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Volviendo al valor social (o retórico) que planteaba Borges, bueno, antes de comentar necesito hablar del segundo pensamiento que me cruzó la cabeza al leer la inscripción. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;La segunda cosa que pensé tiene que ver con la novela &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.amazon.com/Blood-Meridian-Evening-Redness-West/dp/B002LLK6NW?ie=UTF8&amp;amp;tag=ssblog05-20&amp;amp;link_code=btl&amp;amp;camp=213689&amp;amp;creative=392969" target="_blank"&gt;Blood Meridian&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="http://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=ssblog05-20&amp;amp;l=btl&amp;amp;camp=213689&amp;amp;creative=392969&amp;amp;o=1&amp;amp;a=B002LLK6NW" style="border: medium none ! important; margin: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important;" width="1" /&gt;&lt;/i&gt;, del escritor estadounidense Cormac McCarthy. Aquí no voy a hacer una reseña de la misma.(encarecidamente les invito a leerla... la versión española es  &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.amazon.com/Meridiano-sangre-Vintage-Espanol-Spanish/dp/0307741176?ie=UTF8&amp;amp;tag=ssblog05-20&amp;amp;link_code=btl&amp;amp;camp=213689&amp;amp;creative=392969" target="_blank"&gt;Meridiano de Sangre&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;, que, por cierto, Bolaño comenta en una reseña de prensa que publicó para el diario chileno &lt;i&gt;Las Últimas Noticias&lt;/i&gt; en junio 2001, creo, y que está incluida en la colección póstuma &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.amazon.com/Entre-Parentesis-Articulos-Discursos-1998-2003/dp/8433967940?ie=UTF8&amp;amp;tag=ssblog05-20&amp;amp;link_code=btl&amp;amp;camp=213689&amp;amp;creative=392969" target="_blank"&gt;Entre paréntesis&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="http://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=ssblog05-20&amp;amp;l=btl&amp;amp;camp=213689&amp;amp;creative=392969&amp;amp;o=1&amp;amp;a=8433967940" style="border: medium none ! important; margin: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important;" width="1" /&gt;). Los detalles se los dejo para que los lean sí así lo quieren. Me interesa simplemente comentar algunas ramificaciones filosóficas de esta novela de McCarthy y su conexión con la inscripción del &lt;i&gt;SUV&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Sólo voy a decir que la novela relata las peripecias y los desmanes (por usar puritos eufemismos) de un grupo de bandoleros estadounidenses que viajan a lo largo y ancho de la frontera mejicano-estadounidense, asesinando, violando y descabellando a cuanto trigueño tiene la desfortuna de encontrarlos. Hay una secuencia en la novela donde el grupo de bandoleros llega a un pueblito (Jesús María) en la montañas al norte de México. Mientras la banda toma posada en el pueblo, una niña desaparece (lo que sugiere que uno de los bandoleros la raptó para abusar de ella y asesinarla, tal como ha sucedido en casi todos los lugares a los que la banda va de visita). Al mismo tiempo, Glanton, el líder de la banda, toma la bandera mejicana de su pedestal en la plaza mayor y la arrastra con su caballo por el suelo embarrado del pueblo. Todo esto, por supuesto, enfurece a los locales que arremeten contra el grupo de bandoleros, liquidando a algunos de ellos y capturando a algunos heridos que no pudieron escapar. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Lo que me interesa resaltar es lo que sigue. En la historia se nos sugiere que los pobladores del pueblo son muy devotos católicos y que el cura del pueblo, como suele ser el caso en este tipo de pueblitos latinoamericanos, es una suerte de líder espiritual a la vez que civil. Dicho esto, lo que sigue tiene perfecto sentido, ya que es el cura el que preside el ajusticiamiento de los bandoleros capturados. Y aquí lo interesante; el narrador de la novela nos dice: "The priest had baptized the wounded Americans and then stood back while they were shot through the head" (pág. 194).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Lo interesante es la secuencia de eventos. El cura primero los bautiza (aquí asumimos que lo hizo sin el consentimiento de los afectados, por supuesto), luego se aparta y deja que los soldados le apliquen el castigo debido (en este caso, la muerte). El hecho de que el cura cumpla con su deber católico (salvar el alma de los pecadores protestantes a través del bautizo) y que luego permita su ejecución es muy importante. Lo es porque deja en evidencia una concepción del mundo en total contraste con la sugerida por la cita de la inscripción de la calcomanía del &lt;i&gt;SUV&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Sobre esto último, hay un ensayo escrito por Dennis Sansom en &lt;i&gt;The Journal of Aesthetic Education&lt;/i&gt; (vol. 41, #1, 2007) donde propone que la novela &lt;i&gt;Blood Meridian&lt;/i&gt; funciona como una suerte de crítica del determinismo divino, particularmente dentro de la tradición individualista protestante. Explico.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Según nos dice Sansom, dentro de la tradición puritana anglosajona, Dios es la fuente de todo, es quién decide y determina todo lo que ocurre y ha de ocurrir. Para Sansom, la consecuencia inmediata de esto es cierto fatalismo y/o relativismo moral. Él explica:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;If we think that God ordains everything, even war, then a "neuter austerity" deadens our sensitivity to the suffering of the innocent, the horror of human evil, and we lose the ability to be shocked by moral atrocities. In losing the ability to be shocked by senseless suffering, we fail to recognize the unevenness of moral choices, that there is a moral difference between a blade of grass and a person. But in a &lt;i&gt;Blood Meridian&lt;/i&gt; we cannot find ethical reasons, which would be indicative of a moral teleology, to denounce the hanging of an Apache on a Christian symbol of redemption because, in fact, we know that the unguessed kinship of all life is God's implacable and inscrutable will.&lt;/blockquote&gt;En otras palabras, si asumimos que todo, bueno y malo, es una consecuencia directa de los designios de Dios, entonces no hay lugar para asumir posturas o denunciar el horror de la maldad humana. Aún la guerra, con todas sus atrocidades y excesos es, de algún modo, un acto divino, parte de un propósito superior. Pero eso no es todo. Puede argumentarse que tal "fatalismo" no es exclusivo de la tradición protestante anglosajona sino común a otras tradiciones religiosas occidentales, incluida la católica. Después de todo, el mismo es producto de una concepción particular del mundo que asume la voluntad soberana de Dios como el motor de todo, tal y como explica Sansom, y que es común a la tradición judeo-cristiana y, por supuesto, musulmana.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ahora bien, sin entrar en demasiados detalles, existe una diferencia fundamental entre la manera como la tradición protestante concibe el lugar del hombre dentro de esa teleología divina y la manera como lo hace la católica. La diferencia se hace evidente en la secuencia de la novela que describimos más arriba. Allí, el cura cumple un papel de mediador que no es evidente en las acciones de, por ejemplo, el juez, otro de los personajes de la novela de McCarthy, suerte de asesino serial, pastor o chamán de los bandoleros.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;En el mundo predeterminado del juez, cada quien está por sí sólo; es decir, que responde y rinde cuentas a Dios con un &lt;i&gt;mínimo&lt;/i&gt; de mediación humana. Eso, precisamente, es lo que sugiere la inscripción de Schwarzkopf. En contraste con el cura de Jesús María (o cualquiera de los misioneros que acompañaron a los conquistadores españoles), su trabajo (del juez y sus discípulos) no es mediar por la salvación del alma de los pecadores sino simplemente "to arrange the meeting" con Dios. La moraleja: matar, sin importar el horror o bestialidad con que se haga, no es otra cosa sino cumplir con el propósito de Dios, quien ultimadamente decidirá la suerte del alma de la víctima.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aquí no quiero hacer el contraste entre estas dos visiones en términos de que una es mejor o peor que la otra. En lo personal, condeno ambas. Lo que me interesa es simplemente resaltar ese contraste que, en mi opinión, opera dentro de una dinámica (ideológica) mucho más amplia y compleja. En otras palabras, entre dos formas de concebir nuestro lugar en el mundo, como agentes individuales cuyo destino último (aunque predeterminado por Dios) es independiente de las acciones de los demás (la visión del juez); o como agentes individuales cuyo destino último (igualmente predeterminado por Dios) depende también de las acciones de nuestros congéneres (como en el caso del sacerdote y los heridos). El primer caso, dentro de la tradición liberal protestante anglosajona, se centra primeramente en el individuo; el segundo, dentro de la tradición liberal (digamos) continental, se centra, por igual, en el individuo pero con cierto énfasis (totalmente ausente en el otro caso) sobre su dimensión social. Insisto, en lo personal las condeno a las dos; ya que ambas, en todo caso, nos llevan al mismo tipo de trampa fatalista (de la que sólo puede rescatarnos el mesianismo judeo-cristiano).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Para terminar, es claro que Borges tenía toda la razón al sugerirnos la importancia de las inscripciones de carros. A pesar del tiempo, aún es mucho lo que podemos aprender de ellas. Como vemos, algo tan simple como una frase puesta sobre una ventanilla de un auto nos puede dar muchas claves sobre el impacto que algunas ideologías tienen sobre la sociedad que las produce y consume. Y es eso a lo que Eagleton se refiere cuando nos habla de la retórica como el estudio del lenguaje como "instrumento de poder y deseo" (pág. 180). Tal vez Schwarzkopf no sepa nada de Eagleton (ni de Aristóteles, que es la fuente de las ideas del inglés), pero conoce muy bien el poder que tienen las palabras.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3414960952996672974-939195189247737334?l=samuelsotillo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/feeds/939195189247737334/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3414960952996672974&amp;postID=939195189247737334' title='1 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/939195189247737334'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/939195189247737334'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/2010/08/las-inscripciones-de-autos.html' title='Las inscripciones de autos'/><author><name>Samuel F. Sotillo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05537777895508725811</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='23' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/Sz5wwg8NUDI/AAAAAAAAAFk/Wv-1zeDTddA/S220/me+7b.jpg'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3414960952996672974.post-3613647952766741716</id><published>2010-08-20T16:45:00.005-04:00</published><updated>2010-09-10T22:15:18.759-04:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Borges'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Literatura'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='inscripciones'/><title type='text'>¿Qué es la literatura?</title><content type='html'>&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.amazon.com/Evaristo-Carriego-Libro-bolsillo-628/dp/8420616281?ie=UTF8&amp;amp;tag=ssblog05-20&amp;amp;link_code=btl&amp;amp;camp=213689&amp;amp;creative=392969" target="_blank"&gt;Evaristo Carriego&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="http://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=ssblog05-20&amp;amp;l=btl&amp;amp;camp=213689&amp;amp;creative=392969&amp;amp;o=1&amp;amp;a=8420616281" style="border: medium none ! important; margin: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important;" width="1" /&gt; es un librito poco conocido de &lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorge_Luis_Borges"&gt;Jorge Luis Borges&lt;/a&gt;. El mismo autor lo describe como un intento "despreocupado" de ejecutar la paradoja que toda biografía plantea; en este caso, de ejecutar la paradoja biográfica del poeta argentino &lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evaristo_Carriego_%28poeta%29"&gt;Evaristo Carriego&lt;/a&gt;. (La paradoja, por cierto, no es otra sino la de que un individuo quiera despertar en otro recuerdos de un tercero; lo que, en esencia, resume la aspiración de toda biografía.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/TG7o50H2P3I/AAAAAAAAAKs/V8G7muuooeU/s1600/Borges.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="200" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/TG7o50H2P3I/AAAAAAAAAKs/V8G7muuooeU/s200/Borges.JPG" title="Jorge Luis Borges" width="160" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;Ahora bien, aquí me interesa comentar sólo una parte del librito; sólo la parte siete (VII), quiero decir. Se titula "Las inscripciones de carro", y es un ensayo muy breve sobre las inscripciones que adornaban a los carros de caballo (y carretas) que deambulaban por &lt;strike&gt;la&lt;/strike&gt; el Buenos Aires de principios del siglo XX. Borges las describe como una "excesiva yapa expresiva" (en Venezuela diríamos &lt;i&gt;ñapa&lt;/i&gt; en lugar de &lt;i&gt;yapa&lt;/i&gt;, es decir, una añadidura) que, a su vez, sirven como "expresiones de resistencia, forma, destino, altura, realidad" o comentario social.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Algunos ejemplos vienen al caso. Listados por el mismo Borges: &lt;i&gt;La madre del Norte&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;El vencedor&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;El anzuelo&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;La balija&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;El liberal&lt;/i&gt;, que son suerte de afirmaciones de lo que se es o se posee, o de lo que se quiere ser o poseer. Igual están otras más cómplices como &lt;i&gt;Qué habrán hecho tus ojos&lt;/i&gt; o &lt;i&gt;Donde cenizas quedan fuego hubo&lt;/i&gt;. O esas otras de carácter más admonitorio como &lt;i&gt;No tengo apuro&lt;/i&gt; o &lt;i&gt;Quien envidia me tiene desesperado muere&lt;/i&gt;. Sin faltar las cuestionadoras como &lt;i&gt;Qué mira, envidioso&lt;/i&gt;. La diversidad sorprende.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/TG7pDIBTESI/AAAAAAAAAK0/kf9fUvSEQB8/s1600/carriego.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="200" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/TG7pDIBTESI/AAAAAAAAAK0/kf9fUvSEQB8/s200/carriego.jpg" title="Evaristo Carriego" width="142" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;En todo caso, Borges concluye su inventario con una frase que capturó mi atención de inmediato: "No hay ateísmo literario fundamental". La frase es escarbosa, desenterrante. ¿Qué quiso decir Borges? Su ensayo es, por cierto, una defensa del valor social de las inscripciones, sin importar sus carencias eruditas. Sin embargo, Borges parece admitir lo que para algunos pudiera ser inadmisible: "Yo descreía de la literatura, y me he dejado aconsejar por la tentación de reunir estás partículas de ella". ¿Qué es la literatura, entonces?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;Post data&lt;/i&gt;: Las inscripciones de carros de Borges me recuerdan su equivalente moderno en cualquier ciudad latinoamericana. En Valencia, la ciudad de mi juventud universitaria en Venezuela, las camionetas (o microbuses) iban muchas adornadas por inscripciones similares, apócrifas algunas, emuladoras otras. Lástima que no me tomé algún tiempo para "cazarlas".&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3414960952996672974-3613647952766741716?l=samuelsotillo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/feeds/3613647952766741716/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3414960952996672974&amp;postID=3613647952766741716' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/3613647952766741716'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/3613647952766741716'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/2010/08/que-es-la-literatura.html' title='¿Qué es la literatura?'/><author><name>Samuel F. Sotillo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05537777895508725811</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='23' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/Sz5wwg8NUDI/AAAAAAAAAFk/Wv-1zeDTddA/S220/me+7b.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/TG7o50H2P3I/AAAAAAAAAKs/V8G7muuooeU/s72-c/Borges.JPG' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3414960952996672974.post-7621728429050682087</id><published>2010-08-18T13:18:00.012-04:00</published><updated>2010-08-18T19:56:10.621-04:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Borges'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='paratexts'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='books'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='literature'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='ebooks'/><title type='text'>Borges' lobbies, or, the limits of (e)books</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;In his book &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.amazon.com/Paratexts-Thresholds-Interpretation-Literature-Culture/dp/0521424062?ie=UTF8&amp;amp;tag=ssblog05-20&amp;amp;link_code=btl&amp;amp;camp=213689&amp;amp;creative=392969" target="_blank"&gt;Seuils&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="http://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=ssblog05-20&amp;amp;l=btl&amp;amp;camp=213689&amp;amp;creative=392969&amp;amp;o=1&amp;amp;a=0521424062" style="border: medium none ! important; margin: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important;" width="1" /&gt;&lt;/i&gt; (&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.amazon.com/Paratexts-Thresholds-Interpretation-Literature-Culture/dp/0521424062?ie=UTF8&amp;amp;tag=ssblog05-20&amp;amp;link_code=btl&amp;amp;camp=213689&amp;amp;creative=392969" target="_blank"&gt;Paratexts: Thresholds of Interpretation&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="http://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=ssblog05-20&amp;amp;l=btl&amp;amp;camp=213689&amp;amp;creative=392969&amp;amp;o=1&amp;amp;a=0521424062" style="border: medium none ! important; margin: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important;" width="1" /&gt;&lt;/i&gt;), French literary critic &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Genette"&gt;Gérard Genette&lt;/a&gt; warns us that books (he means mostly literary works) constitute more than a "lengthy sequence of verbal utterances" that "more or less" contain "meaning." Books, he insists, rarely appear by themselves - that is, "naked." In fact, a book's text is always accompanied by something else, by a "certain number of productions," sometimes "verbal or not," that &lt;i&gt;present it&lt;/i&gt; or, as Genette explains, that "&lt;i&gt;make it present&lt;/i&gt;." Examples of such "productions" are a book's title, an author's name, a preface, illustrations, a book cover, etc. Genette calls such "accompaniment" a book's &lt;i&gt;paratexts&lt;/i&gt; (in the same sense as we may say, for instance, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramilitary"&gt;paramilitary&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;According to Genette's own account, he got the idea of &lt;i&gt;paratexts&lt;/i&gt; from &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borges"&gt;Borges&lt;/a&gt;. In a book of his youth, &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.amazon.com/Evaristo-Carriego-About-Old-time-Buenos/dp/0525241647?ie=UTF8&amp;amp;tag=ssblog05-20&amp;amp;link_code=btl&amp;amp;camp=213689&amp;amp;creative=392969" target="_blank"&gt;Evaristo Carriego&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="http://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=ssblog05-20&amp;amp;l=btl&amp;amp;camp=213689&amp;amp;creative=392969&amp;amp;o=1&amp;amp;a=0525241647" style="border: medium none ! important; margin: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important;" width="1" /&gt;, Borges introduces one of Carriego's books (&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.amazon.com/Herejes-Colecci%C3%B3n-Hisp%C3%A1nicas-Spanish-ebook/dp/B003YRIK7G?ie=UTF8&amp;amp;tag=ssblog05-20&amp;amp;link_code=btl&amp;amp;camp=213689&amp;amp;creative=392969" target="_blank"&gt;Misas Herejes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="http://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=ssblog05-20&amp;amp;l=btl&amp;amp;camp=213689&amp;amp;creative=392969&amp;amp;o=1&amp;amp;a=B003YRIK7G" style="border: medium none ! important; margin: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important;" width="1" /&gt;&lt;/i&gt;) by saying:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;Antes de considerar este libro, conviene repetir que todo escritor empieza por un concepto ingenuamente físico de lo que es arte. Un libro, para él, no es una expresión o una concatenación de expresiones, sino literalmente un &lt;i&gt;volumen&lt;/i&gt;, un prisma de seis caras rectangulares hecho de finas láminas de papel que deben presentar una carátula, una falsa carátula, un epígrafe en bastardilla, un prefacio en una cursiva mayor, nueve o diez partes con una versal al principio, un índice de materias, un ex libris con un relojito de arena y con un resuelto latín, una concisa fe de erratas, unas hojas en blanco, un colofón interlineado y un pie de imprenta: objetos que es sabido constituyen el arte de escribir. (&lt;i&gt;italics are mine&lt;/i&gt;)&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;Genette appropriates Borges' idea that books are not just a "concatenación de expresiones" ("lengthy sequence of verbal utterances") but "un volumen," a collection of &lt;i&gt;parts&lt;/i&gt; (texts + ancillaries) that come together within the physical &lt;strike&gt;limits&lt;/strike&gt; boundaries of that "prisma de seis caras rectangulares" we call a book. All of these &lt;i&gt;parts&lt;/i&gt; (paratexts + texts) constitute what Genette calls &lt;i&gt;thresholds&lt;/i&gt; ("seuils") or, after Borges, "vestíbulos" ("lobbies"). The idea is that paratexts function as thresholds that limit or &lt;a href="http://www.google.com/dictionary?q=delimit&amp;amp;langpair=en%7Cen&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;sa=X&amp;amp;ei=0wVsTMTyBYH-8Ab-0InHDA&amp;amp;ved=0CBQQmwMoAA"&gt;delimit&lt;/a&gt; the boundaries a reader usually confronts. These thresholds invite us to enter as much as they may turn us back (Genette says: "Plus que d'une limite ou d'une frontière étanche, il s'agit ici d'un seuil, ou -mot de Borges à propos d'une préface- d'un "vestibule" qui offre à tout un chacun la possibilité d'entrer ou de rebrousser chemin").&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;In a traditional&amp;nbsp; book - that is, in what Borges describes as "un prisma de seis caras rectangulares hecho de finas láminas de papel" - thresholds are tangible. When we read a book, we go across each section or part, from one to the next, crossing over each of the thresholds. Somehow, that's an important part of the whole experience of reading a book. In fact, according to Genette, paratexts (the thresholds) play the role not only as zones of &lt;i&gt;transition&lt;/i&gt; but also as zones of &lt;i&gt;transaction&lt;/i&gt;, between the &lt;i&gt;interiors&lt;/i&gt; of a book and the "public" - that is, its readers. In that sense, and from an experiential point of view, paratexts is what makes a book a book.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;If all these things are true, then we may have a problem with ebooks. One important characteristic of contemporary ebooks is that they lack of &lt;i&gt;boundaries&lt;/i&gt;. They may have a container - a PC, a Mobil device or an ebook reader - but the book itself its just a stream of bits stored - sequentially - in such a container. Contrary to the traditional books, ebooks are usually presented to us as a sequence of screens that we are able to &lt;strike&gt;browse&lt;/strike&gt; navigate, scan, in one way or another. Access to the different parts of ebooks is completely optional, since we don't need, in most cases, not even to look at those parts we are not interested in - something we might be able to do on a traditional book as well but not without threatening its integrity (unless we decide to physically tear off all unwanted material). Most ebooks also lack of any kind of boundary markers - there are not page numbers and sections, chapters, etc., are in most cases represented by abrupt jumps, from one screen to another (a fact that makes ebooks a nightmare for traditional scholarly research). Nonetheless, the screen continues to be a continuum, with no apparent boundaries.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;It's true that tables of content somehow may help in attenuating our sense of a lack of boundaries. However, their effects are limited. And it will be even more as the new generation of ebooks are more and more integrated into that huge cloud of information we call the Internet. Future devices such as &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPad"&gt;IPad&lt;/a&gt; may offer the possibility of &lt;i&gt;electronically linking&lt;/i&gt; the content of books to other books or to any other form of digital content. In such scenarios, table of contents are - for most practical purposes - doomed. In consequence, books will not be the same anymore, and we might need to rethink Borges' ideas. Well, either that or reinvent a totally new generation of paratexts.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;Post scriptum&lt;/i&gt;: In his book, Genette explains how literary works began their existence as &lt;i&gt;naked&lt;/i&gt; entities - that is, without paratexts. Along the road, paratexts were added, as to make the &lt;i&gt;presence&lt;/i&gt; of a book a more tangible reality. In that sense, we may conclude that - today - literary works are becoming &lt;i&gt;naked&lt;/i&gt; one more time.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3414960952996672974-7621728429050682087?l=samuelsotillo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/feeds/7621728429050682087/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3414960952996672974&amp;postID=7621728429050682087' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/7621728429050682087'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/7621728429050682087'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/2010/08/borges-lobbies-or-limits-of-ebooks.html' title='Borges&apos; lobbies, or, the limits of (e)books'/><author><name>Samuel F. Sotillo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05537777895508725811</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='23' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/Sz5wwg8NUDI/AAAAAAAAAFk/Wv-1zeDTddA/S220/me+7b.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3414960952996672974.post-6120719543433761476</id><published>2010-08-15T15:09:00.010-04:00</published><updated>2010-08-15T19:39:01.340-04:00</updated><title type='text'>Roberto Bolaño: entre poetas y milicias... (una casi-reseña de Amuleto )</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;En su discurso de aceptación al premio "Rómulo Gallegos", dado en Caracas, Venezuela, en Agosto de 1999, Roberto Bolaño cita aquella historia del&lt;i&gt;&lt;a target="_blank"  href="http://www.amazon.com/Quijote-Mancha-Vintage-Espanol-Spanish/dp/0307475417?ie=UTF8&amp;tag=ssblog05-20&amp;link_code=btl&amp;camp=213689&amp;creative=392969"&gt;Quijote&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=ssblog05-20&amp;l=btl&amp;camp=213689&amp;creative=392969&amp;o=1&amp;a=0307475417" width="1" height="1" border="0" alt="" style="border:none !important; margin:0px !important; padding: 0px !important" /&gt;&lt;/i&gt; "donde se discute sobre los méritos de la milicia y de la poesía", e insiste en que la misma es relevante porque, según él, con ella Cervantes "hace ganar a su propia juventud, el fantasma de su juventud perdida, ante la realidad" del ejercicio "adverso", peligroso de la escritura ("Discurso" 42). Y es que la "literatura", Bolaño insiste, con el tono de "una folclórica andaluza", la "literatura [...] es un peligro" ("Discurso" 42).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Lo cierto es que no es difícil imaginar en quién estaba pensando Bolaño cuando escribió esas palabras. No; no es difícil imaginarlo en uno de los &lt;i&gt;lavabos&lt;/i&gt; de la cuarta planta de laFacultad de Filosofía y Letras de la UNAM, sentado en su trono de porcelana, con su piernas en alto y sus greñas deshechas, mientras el ejército violaba la autonomía del recinto universitario, y los granaderos o, mejor dicho, los esbirros de Echeverría &lt;a href="#_ftn1"&gt;[1]&lt;/a&gt;,entraban y arreaban "con toda la gente" (28) &lt;a href="#_ftn2"&gt;[2]&lt;/a&gt;. No es difícil, por tanto, imaginarlo transfigurado en mujer, en rubia con acento porteño, larguirucha y algo acabada, tal y como aquel personaje que hacía sólo un año antes Bolaño mismo pariera frente las playas nudistas de Blanes &lt;a href="#_ftn3"&gt;[3]&lt;/a&gt;, en un simbólico mes de septiembre de 1998.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Y es que leer &lt;i&gt;&lt;a target="_blank"  href="http://www.amazon.com/AMULETO-Roberto-Bola%C3%83%C2%B1o/dp/843397355X?ie=UTF8&amp;tag=ssblog05-20&amp;link_code=btl&amp;camp=213689&amp;creative=392969"&gt;Amuleto&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=ssblog05-20&amp;l=btl&amp;camp=213689&amp;creative=392969&amp;o=1&amp;a=843397355X" width="1" height="1" border="0" alt="" style="border:none !important; margin:0px !important; padding: 0px !important" /&gt;&lt;/i&gt; y el "Discurso de Caracas" de Bolaño, se me antoja como una misma lectura. Las conexiones son profundas, el mismo sentimiento de apátrida, la misma nostalgia, la misma desazón como de abandono, de olvido; la misma hedentina a traición. La historia de Auxilio Lacouture, uruguaya, "amiga de todos los mexicanos",&amp;nbsp; "madre de la poesía mexicana" (11), es también la historia de esa generación de escritores que nos describe Bolaño en su discurso. Una historia que se anuncia de "terror", quizás hasta "policíaca", pero que al final no lo es, no puede serlo, porque en realidad es sólo una epístola, una "carta de amor o de despedida" ("Discurso" 42), a una generación. Pero de eso hablaremos más tarde. Por ahora, comencemos con la novela.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Amuleto&lt;/i&gt;: la reseña&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;P&gt;Bolaño comienza su novela con un mensaje de advertencia (11): "Esta será una historia de terror [...] una historia policiaca, un relato de serie negra y de terror"; aunque, de inmediato, rectifica. Será pero no lo será, "no lo parecerá porque soy yo la que lo cuenta" (11). Y con "yo" Bolaño nos introduce, con esa primera persona íntima, confesional, a su personaje, a Auxilio Lacouture, uruguaya "de Montevideo"; aunque, como ella misma dice, a veces "&lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charr%C3%BAa"&gt;charrúa&lt;/a&gt;", como aquel pueblo que alguna vez habitara el Uruguay y que fuese virtualmente exterminado en &lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matanza_del_Salsipuedes"&gt;Salsipuedes&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="#_ftn4"&gt;[4]&lt;/a&gt;. De esta introducción sabemos que Auxilio es sudamericana, que vive en México desde 1967, o desde el 65 o desde el 62 (12). Auxilio Lacouture, con su apellido francés medio enigmático, como premonitorio, se considera a sí misma "la madre de la poesía mexicana" (11). Y con tono maternal, la historia que nos cuenta, esa "historia de un crimen atroz" (11) como ella nos insiste, es también la historia de sus hijos, de Arturito Belano, de Ernesto San Epifanio, de Ulises Lima, de todos esos poetas transeúntes, poetas nuevos y re-nuevos, esos que pueblan la vida cultural de México de aquellos años, de 1962 o de 1965 o de 1967 o, quizás aún, de 1973 o 1975 o 1978. Auxilio vive en México, deambula por sus calles, sus palacios, así como por las bibliotecas de esos dos poetas del destierro, Luis Felipe y&amp;nbsp; Don Pedro Garfias, "con sus libros relucientes" (14), sus floreros de bocas abismales y sus nostalgias tan grandes como las pampas del Uruguay ancestral de Auxilio Lacouture.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;¿Pero cuál es ese crimen atroz de que se nos habla al comienzo? No tenemos idea hasta el segundo capítulo, cuando Auxilio nos relata un &lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movimiento_estudiantil_en_MC3%A9xico_de_1968"&gt;evento histórico real&lt;/a&gt;: la entrada del ejército y los granaderos mexicanos al recinto de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, ocurrida el 18 de septiembre de 1968 (28). A partir de este momento, el relato de Auxilio se articula para presentarnos esa "historia de terror" ya anunciada al comienzo. En 1968, septiembre de 1968, el ejército mexicano entró a la UNAM y la dejó poblada de cadáveres y heridos (Doyle). Ese evento histórico, esa referencia de horror verdadero, se convierte en el pivote central del relato, una suerte de &lt;i&gt;marcador&lt;/i&gt; &lt;i&gt;cronotópico &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href="#_ftn5"&gt;[5]&lt;/a&gt;, que aparecerá una y otra vez, recursivamente, en el relato.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;No obstante, ese no es el único crimen atroz de que se sirve Bolaño. Más adelante, en el capítulo 6, Auxilio nos cuenta también la historia del viaje de Arturito Belano a su Chile natal, "a hacer la revolución" (63). En 1973, ella dice, Belano regresa a su patria con el objeto de participar en el &lt;i&gt;proceso&lt;/i&gt; que vivía Chile de manos del entonces presidente Salvador Allende (63). Unas pocas páginas más tarde, ya en el capítulo 7, nos enteramos del regreso de Belano, transformado, con la conciencia "marchita" por aquella experiencia (66). De nuevo, un evento real, histórico, se convierte del mismo modo, por el mismo proceso narrativo, en un &lt;i&gt;marcador&lt;/i&gt; &lt;i&gt;cronotópico&lt;/i&gt; de la historia. Auxilio usa ambos, Tlatelolco y &lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvador_Allende#1973.2C_el_quiebre_de_la_democracia"&gt;la caída de Allende&lt;/a&gt; (o, más bien, el viaje y transformación de Arturo Belano) como pivotes de articulación alrededor de los cuales se nos construye ese relato de terror, esa historia policíaca en torno a un crimen atroz que marcaría todo un continente.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Usando estos dos marcadores, Auxilio condimenta su relato con historias de encuentros y desencuentros. En el capítulo 5 nos habla de su encuentro con "Elena lafilósofa" (44); donde además se sugiere cierto amor lésbico. También se nos habla del encuentro de Arturito con el &lt;i&gt;Rey de los putos&lt;/i&gt; de la colonia Guerrero (ver capítulo 8); una línea narrativa que aparece también en otro texto de Bolaño, el cuento "El Ojo Silva" publicado en su &lt;i&gt;&lt;a target="_blank"  href="http://www.amazon.com/Putas-Asesinas-Spanish-Roberto-Bolano/dp/8433968084?ie=UTF8&amp;tag=ssblog05-20&amp;link_code=btl&amp;camp=213689&amp;creative=392969"&gt;Putas Asesinas&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=ssblog05-20&amp;l=btl&amp;camp=213689&amp;creative=392969&amp;o=1&amp;a=8433968084" width="1" height="1" border="0" alt="" style="border:none !important; margin:0px !important; padding: 0px !important" /&gt;&lt;/i&gt;. Igualmente, un poco más tarde, se nos relata el encuentro con las poetisa catalana Remedios Varo; o más bien el desencuentro, porque como Auxilio misma dice: "a Remedios Varo no la conocí" (91). Al final, otros dos encuentros/desencuentros completan aquel con Remedios; el primero con la poetisa salvadoreña Lilian Serpas, querida putativa del Che, y el otro con el hijo de esta última, el pintor Carlos Coffeen Serpa (ver capitulo 10).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Finalmente, Auxilio termina su relato con una secuencia de imágenes apocalípticas, un viaje alucinante, onírico, a una montaña nevada (144) y luego un descenso a un valle extraño e imposible, en uno de cuyos extremos se percibe "un abismo insondable" (151). Allí, entre cantos de amor, entre amores perdidos u olvidados, una columna de poetas-niños se lanza al precipicio (153-154).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Una carta de amor... ¿o una alegoría?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;¿Pero qué clase de amor pudieron conocer ellos?" Se pregunta Auxilio Lacouturemientras observa esa columna de poetas niños ahogada en la oscuridad del abismo. ¿Qué clase de amor pudieron conocer esos jóvenes poetas, los niños, que caían por ese abismo al final del valle?&amp;nbsp; Para mí, una posibilidad de respuesta la podemos encontrar en las palabras del mismo Bolaño, tal y como las plasmara en su "Discurso en Caracas". Y es por esa razón, en ese sentido, como la historia de Auxilio Lacouture se me antoja una alegoría. Pero, ¿qué hay con la Auxilio real, de carne y hueso, aludida en &lt;i&gt;&lt;a target="_blank"  href="http://www.amazon.com/Los-Detectives-Salvajes-Savage-Spanish/dp/8433966634?ie=UTF8&amp;tag=ssblog05-20&amp;link_code=btl&amp;camp=213689&amp;creative=392969"&gt;Los Detectives&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=ssblog05-20&amp;l=btl&amp;camp=213689&amp;creative=392969&amp;o=1&amp;a=8433966634" width="1" height="1" border="0" alt="" style="border:none !important; margin:0px !important; padding: 0px !important" /&gt;&lt;/i&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Es bien conocido que la historia de Auxilio Lacouture en los baños de la UNAM se basa en una leyenda que circulara por muchos años por los pasillos de dicha institución&lt;a href="#_ftn6"&gt;[6]&lt;/a&gt;. La crítica argentina Celina Manzoni lo menciona en un ensayo sobre &lt;i&gt;Amuleto&lt;/i&gt;,  donde plantea que esta novela es un ejemplo de re-escritura a través de un proceso de desplazamiento y &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anagn%C3%B3risis"&gt;anagnórisis&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; o, lo que es igual, de transformación y revelación (175-176).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Por cierto, el uso que Manzoni hace del término aristotélico de &lt;i&gt;anagnórisis&lt;/i&gt; es, en sí mismo, muy revelador y acertado. Como bien sabemos, la historia de Auxilio Lacouture aparece primero en &lt;i&gt;Los Detectives&lt;/i&gt; en donde ocupa sólo unas pocas páginas&lt;a href="#_ftn7"&gt;[7]&lt;/a&gt;. El parentesco, sin embargo, entre la Auxilio real de la leyenda, la Alcira de carne y huesos que menciona Manzoni (175), y la de de &lt;i&gt;Los Detective&lt;/i&gt;s es mucho más estrecho que el que existe entre la primera y la nuestra, la Auxilio de &lt;i&gt;Amuleto&lt;/i&gt;. En otras palabras, para mí, el proceso de revelación que implica la &lt;i&gt;anagnórisis&lt;/i&gt; no se da por la simple relación que&amp;nbsp; existe entre el personaje histórico real y aquel ficticio de &lt;i&gt;Los Detectives&lt;/i&gt;, donde el nuevo texto, como dice Manzoni, "saquea al anterior, lo desmenuza, y en el mismo acto lo reconstruye" (176). Si así fuera el caso, la relación entre Alcira y&amp;nbsp; Auxilio permanecería intacta, como ocurre en &lt;i&gt;Los Detectives&lt;/i&gt;. Por el contrario, en &lt;i&gt;Amuleto&lt;/i&gt;, esa relación se esfuma, o casi lo hace, se debilita, porque, para mí, la Auxilio de Amuleto se transforma, por otra parte, en un alegoría monstruosa, gigantesca. Al mismo tiempo, la historia, la ocurrida en la cuarta planta de la Facultad de Filosofía y Letras aquel día aciago de 1968, sirve sólo de &lt;i&gt;marcador&lt;/i&gt; &lt;i&gt;cronotópico&lt;/i&gt;, de punto de referencia espacio-temporal que fija de algún modo la alegoría que Auxilio Lacouture, el personaje de &lt;i&gt;Amuleto&lt;/i&gt;, representa.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Y aquí vuelvo al "Discurso". No creo que sea un accidente que el "Discurso deCaracas" lo diera Bolaño en Agosto de 1999, casi un año después de concluir  &lt;i&gt;Amuleto&lt;/i&gt;. Para mí, existe una conexión muy íntima, muy reveladora, entre la novela que nos ocupa y el discurso dado en Caracas. En este último, Bolaño nos admite que su obra no es más que una "carta de amor o de despedida" a su propia generación ("Discurso" 42). Es decir, una "carta de amor o de despedida" a esa generación que, en el "ejercicio de la militancia", entregó su juventud a "una causa que creímos la más generosa de las causas del mundo y que en cierta forma lo era, pero que en realidad no lo era" ("Discurso" 42). Pero, entonces, ¿cuál es la alegoría? ¿Qué es lo que la Auxilio Lacouture de &lt;i&gt;Amuleto&lt;/i&gt; representa que no se da, no existe, no emerge de la vida, la historia, de sus antecesoras? La respuesta está en los párrafos finales de la novela, cuando al referirse al "cantode guerra y de amor" que entonaban los "muchachos fantasmas" mientras avanzaban hacia el precipicio (154):&lt;/p&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;Y aunque el canto hablaba de la guerra, de las hazañas heroicas de una generación entera de jóvenes latinoamericanos sacrificados, yo supe que por encima de todo hablaba del valor y de los espejos, del deseo y del placer.&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;Y Bolaño (Auxilio) concluye: "Y ese canto es nuestro amuleto".&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Por lo tanto, para mí, Auxilio Lacouture (la de &lt;i&gt;Amuleto&lt;/i&gt;), su vida, su historia, es una alegoría de esa generación a la que se refiere Bolaño en su novela (o podríamos decir &lt;i&gt;sus&lt;/i&gt; &lt;i&gt;novelas&lt;/i&gt;) y en el "Discurso". Ahora bien, ¿a qué tipo de alegoría me refiero? ¿Cuál es su dominio &lt;i&gt;target&lt;/i&gt;? ¿No son acaso las alegorías, según nos enseñó &lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Benjamin"&gt;Walter Benjamin&lt;/a&gt;, algo así como imágenes instantáneas, como &lt;i&gt;flashes&lt;/i&gt; de un concepto, de una idea abstracta? ¿No son ellas, acaso, también, una expresión de angustia, un síntoma innegable de melancolía? Sí y no; pero de eso hablaré en otra ocasión.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Y, ya para concluir, quisiera retornar al &lt;i&gt;Quijote&lt;/i&gt; y a esa metáfora suya de la poesía y las milicias; es decir, a la idea de la escritura como peligro. Para mí, de nuevo, &lt;i&gt;Amuleto&lt;/i&gt; es, como su propio autor repite una y otra vez, un canto (alegórico) de amor y de guerra, pero también un canto de exorcismo, de redención, a una generación que &lt;strike&gt;afrontó y vivió&lt;/strike&gt; afronta y vive la escritura del único modo como se puede afrontar y vivir la escritura en Latinoamérica; es decir, y usando el tono de una "folclórica andaluza", al decir del mismo Bolaño, que &lt;strike&gt;vivió&lt;/strike&gt; vive la escritura como peligro.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Para el que quiera leer más&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0in 0in 14.15pt 35.3pt; text-indent: -35.3pt;"&gt; &lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;Bakhtin, M.M. &lt;i&gt;&lt;a target="_blank"  href="http://www.amazon.com/Dialogic-Imagination-Essays-University-Slavic/dp/029271534X?ie=UTF8&amp;tag=ssblog05-20&amp;link_code=btl&amp;camp=213689&amp;creative=392969"&gt;The Dialogic Imagination&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=ssblog05-20&amp;l=btl&amp;camp=213689&amp;creative=392969&amp;o=1&amp;a=029271534X" width="1" height="1" border="0" alt="" style="border:none !important; margin:0px !important; padding: 0px !important" /&gt;&lt;/i&gt;.Austin: University of Texas Press, 1981.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0in 0in 14.15pt 35.3pt; text-indent: -35.3pt;"&gt; &lt;span lang="ES-VE" style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;Bolaño, Roberto. &lt;i&gt;&lt;a target="_blank"  href="http://www.amazon.com/AMULETO-Roberto-Bola%C3%83%C2%B1o/dp/843397355X?ie=UTF8&amp;tag=ssblog05-20&amp;link_code=btl&amp;camp=213689&amp;creative=392969"&gt;Amuleto&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=ssblog05-20&amp;l=btl&amp;camp=213689&amp;creative=392969&amp;o=1&amp;a=843397355X" width="1" height="1" border="0" alt="" style="border:none !important; margin:0px !important; padding: 0px !important" /&gt;&lt;/i&gt;. Barcelona: Anagrama, 2007. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0in 0in 14.15pt 35.3pt;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang="ES-VE" style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank"  href="http://www.amazon.com/Los-Detectives-Salvajes-Savage-Spanish/dp/8433966634?ie=UTF8&amp;tag=ssblog05-20&amp;link_code=btl&amp;camp=213689&amp;creative=392969"&gt;Los Detectives Salvajes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=ssblog05-20&amp;l=btl&amp;camp=213689&amp;creative=392969&amp;o=1&amp;a=8433966634" width="1" height="1" border="0" alt="" style="border:none !important; margin:0px !important; padding: 0px !important" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span lang="ES-VE" style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;. Barcelona: Anagrama, 1998.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0in 0in 14.15pt 35.3pt;"&gt;&lt;span lang="ES-VE" style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;"&lt;a href="http://www.letraslibres.com/pdf.php?id=5736"&gt;Discurso de Caracas (Venezuela)&lt;/a&gt;". &lt;i&gt;Letras Libres&lt;/i&gt;. Octubre 1999. 1 Enero 2009.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0in 0in 14.15pt 35.3pt; text-indent: -35.3pt;"&gt; &lt;span lang="ES-VE" style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;“Chemikyn presenta: Entrevista a Roberto Bolaño”. &lt;u&gt;Technorati&lt;/u&gt;. n.d. 1 Febrero 2009. &lt;http: technorati.com="" videos="" youtube.com%2fwatch%3fv%3d3yrrm5juoao=""&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/http:&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0in 0in 14.15pt 35.3pt; text-indent: -35.3pt;"&gt; &lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;Doyle, Kate. “Tlatelolco Massacre: Declassified U.S. Documents on Mexico and the Events of 1968”. &lt;u&gt;The National Security Archives The George Washington University&lt;/u&gt;. n.d. 31 Enero 2009.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="ES-VE" style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;&lt;http: intro.htm="" nsaebb10="" nsaebb="" www.gwu.edu="" ~nsarchiv=""&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/http:&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0in 0in 14.15pt 35.3pt; text-indent: -35.3pt;"&gt; &lt;span lang="ES-VE" style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;Manzoni, Celina. &lt;i&gt;&lt;a target="_blank"  href="http://www.amazon.com/Roberto-Bolano-Escritura-Tauromaquia-Spanish/dp/9500514397?ie=UTF8&amp;tag=ssblog05-20&amp;link_code=btl&amp;camp=213689&amp;creative=392969"&gt;Roberto Bolaño: la escritura como tauromaquia.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=ssblog05-20&amp;l=btl&amp;camp=213689&amp;creative=392969&amp;o=1&amp;a=9500514397" width="1" height="1" border="0" alt="" style="border:none !important; margin:0px !important; padding: 0px !important" /&gt;&lt;/i&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;Buenos Aires: Corregidor, 2002.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /&gt;&lt;div id="ftn1"&gt;&lt;div class="MsoFootnoteText"&gt;&lt;a name="_ftn1" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;"&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang="ES-VE" style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;Luis Echeverría Álvarez, secretario de Gobernación durante el gobierno de GustavoDíaz Ordaz, y a quien se señala como el presunto autor intelectual de lamatanza referida por Bolaño (Auxilio).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id="ftn2"&gt;&lt;div class="MsoFootnoteText"&gt;&lt;a name="_ftn2" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;"&gt;[2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang="ES-VE" style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;Desde este momento en adelante, a menos que se indique lo contrario, todas lascitas entre paréntesis se refieren al número de página correspondiente de &lt;i&gt;Amuleto&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id="ftn3"&gt;&lt;div class="MsoFootnoteText"&gt;&lt;a name="_ftn3" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;"&gt;[3]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang="ES-VE" style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;Ciudad del litoral mediterráneo español donde se presume que Bolaño compuso sunovela.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id="ftn4"&gt;&lt;div class="MsoFootnoteText"&gt;&lt;a name="_ftn4" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;"&gt;[4]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang="ES-VE" style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;Arroyo uruguayo donde se presume fueron exterminados muchos de los antiguoshabitantes del Uruguay, los indios charrúas.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id="ftn5"&gt;&lt;div class="MsoFootnoteText"&gt;&lt;a name="_ftn5" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;"&gt;[5]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt; &lt;span lang="ES-VE"&gt;Aquí uso el término de Bajtín con cierta libertad pero manteniendo la relación de espacio-temporalidad tal y como la propusiera originalmente el crítico ruso. Véase Bakhtin (84).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id="ftn6"&gt;&lt;div class="MsoFootnoteText"&gt;&lt;a name="_ftn6" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;"&gt;[6]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt; &lt;span lang="ES-VE"&gt;Bolaño mismo hace a esta leyenda en una entrevista hecha en Chilepoco tiempo antes de su muerte &amp;nbsp;(Chemikyn).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id="ftn7"&gt;&lt;div class="MsoFootnoteText"&gt;&lt;a name="_ftn7" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;"&gt;[7]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang="ES-VE" style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;En &lt;i&gt;Los Detectives&lt;/i&gt; es que se introducepor primera vez el personaje de Auxilio Lacouture así como su versión de loocurrido ese 18 de septiembre de 1968 (190-199).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3414960952996672974-6120719543433761476?l=samuelsotillo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/feeds/6120719543433761476/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3414960952996672974&amp;postID=6120719543433761476' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/6120719543433761476'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/6120719543433761476'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/2010/08/roberto-bolano-entre-poetas-y-milicias.html' title='Roberto Bolaño: entre poetas y milicias... (una casi-reseña de &lt;i&gt;Amuleto&lt;/i&gt; )'/><author><name>Samuel F. Sotillo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05537777895508725811</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='23' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/Sz5wwg8NUDI/AAAAAAAAAFk/Wv-1zeDTddA/S220/me+7b.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3414960952996672974.post-1935961983136723568</id><published>2010-08-07T15:03:00.002-04:00</published><updated>2010-08-07T18:15:53.626-04:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='films'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='liberalism'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='filosofía'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Robinson Crusoe'/><title type='text'>La pelota de Tom Hanks</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;En la película &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.amazon.com/Cast-Away-Blu-ray-Viveka-Davis/dp/B000WQWPJQ?ie=UTF8&amp;amp;tag=ssblog05-20&amp;amp;link_code=btl&amp;amp;camp=213689&amp;amp;creative=392969" target="_blank"&gt;Cast Away&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="http://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=ssblog05-20&amp;amp;l=btl&amp;amp;camp=213689&amp;amp;creative=392969&amp;amp;o=1&amp;amp;a=B000WQWPJQ" style="border: medium none ! important; margin: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important;" width="1" /&gt;, el actor &lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Hanks"&gt;Tom Hanks&lt;/a&gt; hace el papel de un Robinson Crusoe moderno, en una adaptación de la famosa &lt;a href="http://www.amazon.com/Robinson-Crusoe-Oxford-Worlds-Classics/dp/0199553971?ie=UTF8&amp;amp;tag=ssblog05-20&amp;amp;link_code=btl&amp;amp;camp=213689&amp;amp;creative=392969" target="_blank"&gt;novela&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="http://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=ssblog05-20&amp;amp;l=btl&amp;amp;camp=213689&amp;amp;creative=392969&amp;amp;o=1&amp;amp;a=0199553971" style="border: medium none ! important; margin: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important;" width="1" /&gt; del satirista inglés &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Defoe"&gt;Daniel Defoe&lt;/a&gt;. En la película, como en la versión de Defoe, el protagonista, Chuck Noland (Tom Hanks), un empleado de FedEx, queda varado en una isla desierta, único sobreviviente de un terrible accidente aéreo (en la versión de Defoe, Robinson Crusoe es el único sobreviviente de un naufragio).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;No voy a contar toda la película, el que esté interesado se la recomiendo. Lo que quisiera destacar es lo siguiente: luego de varios días o meses en &lt;i&gt;su&lt;/i&gt; isla desierta, el optimista Noland comienza a sufrir la depresión típica que acompaña a la soledad. Después de todo, y a pesar de &lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises"&gt;von Mises&lt;/a&gt;, los seres humanos somos, esencialmente, animales sociales. Así que en medio de la desesperación de hallarse solo, Noland se inventa un amigo imaginario (bueno, casi imaginario): &lt;i&gt;Wilson&lt;/i&gt;, la pelota de voleibol.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/TF1a9Dg_BcI/AAAAAAAAAKE/_tf_dFMMIPw/s1600/Wilson_The_Volleyball.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="182" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/TF1a9Dg_BcI/AAAAAAAAAKE/_tf_dFMMIPw/s200/Wilson_The_Volleyball.jpg" title="Wilson, la pelota de voleibol" width="200" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Por supuesto, siendo la historia de Noland más bien contemporánea (finales de los 90s), hubiese sido algo inverosímil hacer que éste se encontrara con un joven nativo y lo hiciera su sirviente con el curioso nombre de "Friday" (Viernes), tal como sucede en la versión de Defoe. Ante todo, tal cosa hubiese sido políticamente incorrecto, eso de tener a un joven malasio como sirviente de un &lt;i&gt;gringo &lt;/i&gt;en una isla desierta.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;En todo caso, lo que me interesa resaltar es la acción de Noland. El hecho de que, en su desesperación, en su extrañeza de algún tipo de contacto humano, él decide &lt;i&gt;animar &lt;/i&gt;a esta pelota con las cualidades de un ser humano. En otras palabras, hacerla &lt;i&gt;el Otro&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Ya dije que yo parto de la premisa de que los seres humanos somos, esencialmente, animales sociales. Nosotros necesitamos de la interacción, del contacto rutinario con el resto de los seres humanos. La vida social es tan importante para nosotros como nuestra individualidad, nuestra identidad propia. Prueba de ello es nuestra necesidad de &lt;i&gt;el Otro&lt;/i&gt; como referencia para definirnos, para determinar nuestra propia identidad. Es menos palabras, construimos nuestra individualidad en torno a la imagen de &lt;i&gt;el Otro&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/TF1i1lyz1QI/AAAAAAAAAKM/Ty2EmHEOSD4/s1600/lacan.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="320" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/TF1i1lyz1QI/AAAAAAAAAKM/Ty2EmHEOSD4/s320/lacan.jpg" title="Jacques Lacan" width="185" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Eso, claro está, es más o menos lo mismo que dijo el filósofo y psicoanalista francés &lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacan"&gt;Jacques Lacan&lt;/a&gt;. Según él, uno descubre su &lt;i&gt;yo&lt;/i&gt;, su identidad personal, en el momento en que, de niño, uno ve su imagen reflejada en un espejo. Bueno, aquí vamos a dejar a un lado la pregunta obvia de qué sucede si uno nunca en la vida se encuentra en tal circunstancia, frente a tal artefacto. Aunque es probable que Lacan nos respondería: ocurriría lo que le pasó a Noland, lo inventaríamos.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Los &lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitag%C3%B3ricos"&gt;pitagóricos&lt;/a&gt; solían ponerlo de otro modo. Ellos creían que los números lo eran todo. Con eso, los pitagóricos querían decir que la cualidad de ser numerable, de poder contarse, es lo que le daba a cada objeto (incluidos los seres humanos) cierta mesura; es decir, lo que define ese límite donde algo termina (&lt;i&gt;yo&lt;/i&gt;) y algo más empieza (&lt;i&gt;el Otro&lt;/i&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Sea como sea, lo relevante es que la pelota de Noland, &lt;i&gt;Wilson&lt;/i&gt;, vino a significar éso precisamente: &lt;i&gt;el Otro&lt;/i&gt;. Es muy probable que, de no haber inventado a &lt;i&gt;Wilson&lt;/i&gt;, Noland hubiese terminado loco. Si prestamos atención a la película, esa es una de las premisas centrales.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Cualquiera que hubiese conocido a Noland antes del "naufragio", probablemente habría pensado que el tipo era un hombre muy centrado, muy en control de sí mismo, muy seguro de quién era. Sin embargo, bastó sacarlo de su pequeño mundo, de sus entorno social, de esa multitud de &lt;i&gt;Otros&lt;/i&gt; que lo ayudaban a &lt;i&gt;definirse&lt;/i&gt;, para que ese mismo mundo, y su razón, se fueran por la cuneta.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Fue así como, en esa isla desierta, &lt;i&gt;Wilson&lt;/i&gt;, la pelota de voleibol, se transformó en el último eslabón con la realidad que, para bien o para mal, evitaba que Noland sufriera de un destino eleático; es decir, que evitó que su personalidad, su humanidad, desapareciera y se fundiera con la del entorno hasta hacerlo irreconocible ("Todo es uno y el mismo", decía &lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parm%C3%A9nides_de_Elea"&gt;Parménides&lt;/a&gt;, líder de los eleáticos). De ser así, como predecían los pitagóricos, Noland se hubiese transformado a algo similar a una roca o a un árbol o a cualquiera de esas &lt;i&gt;conchitas marinas &lt;/i&gt;(&lt;i&gt;little shell&lt;/i&gt;s) que, sin ninguna transcendencia, el oleaje sacudía sobre la orilla de aquella playa desierta cada día.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Ya para concluir, en todo esto hay, por supuesto, una moraleja. La moraleja es la misma a la que se refiere la historia original del &lt;i&gt;Robinson&lt;/i&gt; de Defoe que, créanlo o no, se basa a su vez en otra historia: &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.filosofia.org/cla/isl/hayy.htm"&gt;El filósofo autodidacta&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; de &lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abentofail"&gt;Abubeker Abentofail&lt;/a&gt; (que a su vez, en regresión casi infinita, se basa en una historia del matemático persa &lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicena"&gt;Avicena&lt;/a&gt;, y, bueno, así &lt;i&gt;per secula seculorum&lt;/i&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/TF2j939gVFI/AAAAAAAAAKc/A9et7PNayp8/s1600/abentofail.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="200" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/TF2j939gVFI/AAAAAAAAAKc/A9et7PNayp8/s200/abentofail.jpg" title="Abubeker Abentofail" width="139" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;En la historia de Abentofail, Havy, el protagonista, se ve en una situación similar a la de Noland; es decir, completamente solo en una isla desierta o, mejor aún, deshabitada (ya que en ambas hay animales y demás). Allí, Havy trata de definirse a sí mismo: ¿soy un animal? ¿soy una planta? En fin, ¿qué carajo soy?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Usando una serie de razonamientos (que se asemejan al método científico moderno), Havy concluye que él no es ni un animal ni una planta ni ninguna de esas cosas que forman parte de su realidad inmediata en la isla. Él es algo más y, como no sabe qué cosa es ese &lt;i&gt;algo más&lt;/i&gt;, concluye que ese &lt;i&gt;algo más&lt;/i&gt; debe ser un Ser muy especial, algo o alguien, al que él, Havy, se ha de asemejar de algún modo. Ése ser es, por supuesto, Dios. Por tanto, Dios es &lt;i&gt;el Otro&lt;/i&gt; que, como la imagen reflejada en el espejo de Lacan, permite a Havy auto-descubrirse. La moraleja, para el que sepa leer: en la Edad Media, lo natural era llamarlo Dios; en la moderna, suena mejor llamarlo &lt;i&gt;Wilson&lt;/i&gt;, la pelota de voleibol.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Un detalle importante: Havy reconoce que los animales o las plantas no podían ser &lt;i&gt;el Otro&lt;/i&gt;. Por una razón muy simple: &lt;i&gt;el Otro&lt;/i&gt; debe ser capaz de, como Havy, reflexionar sobre qué o quién está frente a él; es decir, &lt;i&gt;el Otro&lt;/i&gt; debe se capaz de reflexionar (de la manera como un ser pensante lo hace) sobre su propio &lt;i&gt;el Otro&lt;/i&gt;. Es curioso que Noland no tuviera el mismo reparo para con su amigo &lt;i&gt;Wilson&lt;/i&gt;. Me pregunto: ¿por qué?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3414960952996672974-1935961983136723568?l=samuelsotillo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/feeds/1935961983136723568/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3414960952996672974&amp;postID=1935961983136723568' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/1935961983136723568'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/1935961983136723568'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/2010/08/la-pelota-de-tom-hanks.html' title='La pelota de Tom Hanks'/><author><name>Samuel F. Sotillo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05537777895508725811</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='23' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/Sz5wwg8NUDI/AAAAAAAAAFk/Wv-1zeDTddA/S220/me+7b.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/TF1a9Dg_BcI/AAAAAAAAAKE/_tf_dFMMIPw/s72-c/Wilson_The_Volleyball.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3414960952996672974.post-8493347906349592110</id><published>2010-08-05T10:49:00.011-04:00</published><updated>2010-08-05T12:51:00.086-04:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Magic realism'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Literatura'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Spanish'/><title type='text'>Apostilla sobre el realismo mágico</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;En una conferencia dada en Caracas en 1975, en el recinto de la Universidad Central de Venezuela, advertía el escritor cubano, &lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alejo_Carpentier"&gt;Alejo Carpentier&lt;/a&gt;, que nadie sino ellos, su generación, podía entender "el efecto" que la aparición de la literatura latinoamericana original o "autóctona" (en "tres novelas ejemplares", al parecer suyo, publicadas en esa década: &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.amazon.com/Segundo-Sombra-Clasicos-Siempre-Spanish/dp/9875505358?ie=UTF8&amp;amp;tag=ssblog05-20&amp;amp;link_code=btl&amp;amp;camp=213689&amp;amp;creative=392969" target="_blank"&gt;Don Segundo Sombra&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="http://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=ssblog05-20&amp;amp;l=btl&amp;amp;camp=213689&amp;amp;creative=392969&amp;amp;o=1&amp;amp;a=9875505358" style="border: medium none ! important; margin: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important;" width="1" /&gt;&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.amazon.com/Voragine-Maelstrom-Bolsillo-Seccion-Literatura/dp/8420618381?ie=UTF8&amp;amp;tag=ssblog05-20&amp;amp;link_code=btl&amp;amp;camp=213689&amp;amp;creative=392969" target="_blank"&gt;La vorágine&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="http://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=ssblog05-20&amp;amp;l=btl&amp;amp;camp=213689&amp;amp;creative=392969&amp;amp;o=1&amp;amp;a=8420618381" style="border: medium none ! important; margin: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important;" width="1" /&gt;&lt;/i&gt; y&lt;i&gt; &lt;a href="http://www.amazon.com/Do%C3%B1a-B%C3%A1rbara-Spanish-Romulo-Gallegos/dp/1934768316?ie=UTF8&amp;amp;tag=ssblog05-20&amp;amp;link_code=btl&amp;amp;camp=213689&amp;amp;creative=392969" target="_blank"&gt;Doña Bárbara&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="http://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=ssblog05-20&amp;amp;l=btl&amp;amp;camp=213689&amp;amp;creative=392969&amp;amp;o=1&amp;amp;a=1934768316" style="border: medium none ! important; margin: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important;" width="1" /&gt; ) tendría sobre ellos mismos, su generación, por allá por los años 20-30. &lt;i&gt;El efecto&lt;/i&gt;, por supuesto, era producto del lenguaje; ya que, por vez primera, el español "americano" ocupaba un lugar central y no accesorio en nuestra narrativa. Carpentier dice:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;Aquel idioma usado por José Eustacio Rivera [autor de &lt;i&gt;La vorágine&lt;/i&gt;] era algo singular, exótico, por no decir bárbaro, auténtico sí, exacto sí, pero localista, harto localista y por lo mismo, digamos la palabra, &lt;i&gt;exótico&lt;/i&gt;. Usar el lenguaje constituía una evidente limitación; por lo menos ese era el criterio que compartían muchos escritores al contacto con la obra maestra de [Rivera]. Y sin embargo, ¿íbamos a pasar por la angustia de Hernán Cortés cuando se quejaba a Carlos V de no poder describir ciertas grandes cosas de América — lo cito textualmente — "por no conocer las palabras que la designaban"? Se nos planteaba un dilema. (524)&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;En un &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/2010/07/inception-borges-y-el-realismo-magico.html"&gt;post&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; anterior, comentábamos como nuestro compatriota, el escritor Arturo Úslar Pietri, que por cierto fue gran amigo de Carpentier, se refería también a este dilema en relación con el origen de la frase "realismo mágico". El dilema era describir una realidad para la que, el lenguaje, que a fin de cuentas había sido un artículo de importación, un instrumento de conquista y sometimiento, no alcanzaba. El dilema era el de Hernán Cortes, que, como nos recuerda Carpentier, se lamentaba ante su rey por ser incapaz de describir, "por no conocer las palabras" con qué hacerlo, ese nuevo mundo que era nuestra América.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Para entender por qué nuestro &lt;i&gt;realismo mágico&lt;/i&gt; no tiene nada de mágico, hay, por lo tanto, que ir mucho más atrás en el tiempo, más atrás que &lt;a href="http://www.themodernword.com/gabo/"&gt;García Márquez&lt;/a&gt;, que &lt;a href="http://www.biografiasyvidas.com/biografia/d/donoso.htm"&gt;Donoso&lt;/a&gt;, que Carpentier, que &lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Eustasio_Rivera"&gt;Eustasio Rivera&lt;/a&gt;, que el mismísimo &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.amazon.com/periquillo-sarniento-Spanish-Fernandez-Lizardi/dp/9706668934?ie=UTF8&amp;amp;tag=ssblog05-20&amp;amp;link_code=btl&amp;amp;camp=213689&amp;amp;creative=392969" target="_blank"&gt;Periquillo Sarniento&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="http://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=ssblog05-20&amp;amp;l=btl&amp;amp;camp=213689&amp;amp;creative=392969&amp;amp;o=1&amp;amp;a=9706668934" style="border: medium none ! important; margin: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important;" width="1" /&gt; de &lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Joaqu%C3%ADn_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Lizardi"&gt;Fernández de Lizardi&lt;/a&gt; (por cierto, la primera novela de verdad verdad escrita en Latinoamérica). Es necesario ir atrás hasta la mismísima época de la conquista, y escuchar los gritos de parto de esta nueva tierra, gesticulados en palabras nuevas, en sonidos nuevos, jamás escuchados antes.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Como dice Carpentier, &lt;i&gt;exóticos&lt;/i&gt; sí puede que seamos (aunque podríamos decir: éramos); pero mágicos, ¡qué va!&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Para leer más (si te interesa):&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Carpentier, Alejo. "&lt;a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=N1qI2lt7mRAC&amp;pg=PA144&amp;lpg=PA144&amp;dq=Problem%C3%A1tica+del+tiempo+y+del+idioma+en+la+moderna+novela+latinoamericana&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=rJNhhNAGm_&amp;sig=VWL1VLPTfA40Gymweg0dORof5jw&amp;hl=en&amp;ei=D9taTKi2JoH68AbY34iCAg&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;ct=result&amp;resnum=2&amp;ved=0CBkQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&amp;q=Problem%C3%A1tica%20del%20tiempo%20y%20del%20idioma%20en%20la%20moderna%20novela%20latinoamericana&amp;f=false"&gt;Problemática del tiempo y del idioma en la moderna novela latinoamericana&lt;/a&gt;". En &lt;i&gt;Lectura crítica de la literatura Americana&lt;/i&gt;. Selección, prólogo y notas de Saúl Sosnowski.Tomo 3. Caracas: Biblioteca Ayacucho, 1997: 524-541. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3414960952996672974-8493347906349592110?l=samuelsotillo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/feeds/8493347906349592110/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3414960952996672974&amp;postID=8493347906349592110' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/8493347906349592110'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/8493347906349592110'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/2010/08/apostilla-sobre-el-realismo-magico.html' title='Apostilla sobre el realismo mágico'/><author><name>Samuel F. Sotillo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05537777895508725811</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='23' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/Sz5wwg8NUDI/AAAAAAAAAFk/Wv-1zeDTddA/S220/me+7b.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3414960952996672974.post-6662328746575340107</id><published>2010-07-24T20:40:00.004-04:00</published><updated>2010-07-24T20:47:51.836-04:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Pierre Menard'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Literatura'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Borges. Poe'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='li'/><title type='text'>Pierre Menard, Lieutenant Governor of Illinois</title><content type='html'>We Latin Americans usually associate the name Pierre Menard with one of Jorge Luis Borges best short stories: "Pierre Menard, autor del &lt;i&gt;Quijote&lt;/i&gt;", from his book &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.amazon.com/Ficciones-Esenciales-Spanish-Jorge-Borges/dp/0061565377?ie=UTF8&amp;amp;tag=ssblog05-20&amp;amp;link_code=btl&amp;amp;camp=213689&amp;amp;creative=392969" target="_blank"&gt;Ficciones&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="http://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=ssblog05-20&amp;amp;l=btl&amp;amp;camp=213689&amp;amp;creative=392969&amp;amp;o=1&amp;amp;a=0061565377" style="border: medium none ! important; margin: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important;" width="1" /&gt; - there is an English version, "&lt;a href="http://www.coldbacon.com/writing/borges-quixote.html"&gt;Pierre Menard, Author of the &lt;i&gt;Quixote&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;", included in the anthology &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.amazon.com/Collected-Fictions-Jorge-Luis-Borges/dp/0140286802?ie=UTF8&amp;amp;tag=ssblog05-20&amp;amp;link_code=btl&amp;amp;camp=213689&amp;amp;creative=392969" target="_blank"&gt;Collected Fictions&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="http://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=ssblog05-20&amp;amp;l=btl&amp;amp;camp=213689&amp;amp;creative=392969&amp;amp;o=1&amp;amp;a=0140286802" style="border: medium none ! important; margin: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important;" width="1" /&gt;. In Borges' story, Menard is a French symbolist poet who wants to compose a new &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.amazon.com/Don-Quixote-Miguel-Cervantes/dp/0060934344?ie=UTF8&amp;amp;tag=ssblog05-20&amp;amp;link_code=btl&amp;amp;camp=213689&amp;amp;creative=392969" target="_blank"&gt;Don Quixote&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="http://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=ssblog05-20&amp;amp;l=btl&amp;amp;camp=213689&amp;amp;creative=392969&amp;amp;o=1&amp;amp;a=0060934344" style="border: medium none ! important; margin: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important;" width="1" /&gt;&lt;/i&gt;, one disregarding all "local color" but, nonetheless, "more subtle" than the original.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/TEt_DzggcfI/AAAAAAAAAJ8/VgD973lWk5E/s1600/pierre.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="152" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/TEt_DzggcfI/AAAAAAAAAJ8/VgD973lWk5E/s200/pierre.gif" width="200" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"&gt;Pierre Menard (&lt;span style="font-family: Arial;"&gt;1766-1844&lt;/span&gt;)&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Since its publication (1939), people have wondered about who this Pierre Menard was. For instance, we know about a Canadian-American fur trader named &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Menard"&gt;Pierre Menard&lt;/a&gt;, who also was Illinois' first Lieutenant Governor in 1818. Curiously enough, Menard, whose first language was French, of course, was chosen to represent Illinois' French-speaking inhabitants, about half the State population at the time&lt;span style="font-family: Times,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: small;"&gt; (See Solon Justus Buck &lt;a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=E_FYAAAAMAAJ&amp;amp;pg=PA92&amp;amp;lpg=PA92&amp;amp;dq=french+inhabitant+illinois&amp;amp;source=bl&amp;amp;ots=QTkaN3BlDP&amp;amp;sig=uRxIVqB0twhF-7O1LHwjcqBpHcY&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;ei=7IVLTLqNN4L-8Abqvrg2&amp;amp;sa=X&amp;amp;oi=book_result&amp;amp;ct=result&amp;amp;resnum=8&amp;amp;ved=0CDQQ6AEwBzgK#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=french%20inhabitant%20illinois&amp;amp;f=false"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Illinois in 1818&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;. Also, Illinois' &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menard_County,_Illinois"&gt;Menard County&lt;/a&gt; was named after Menard, and his former &lt;a href="http://www.greatriverroad.com/stegen/randattract/menard.htm"&gt;house&lt;/a&gt;, located in&lt;span style="font-family: Times,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: small;"&gt; Ellis Grove, Illinois, remains a popular historic site up to this day.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Although there is no evidence that Borges knew about this Menard, some people have pointed at him as a possible source for the name. [By the way, an interesting reading on the American connection between Borges, Menard, and the great Allan Poe (Borges describes Menard as "essentially devoted to Poe") can be found in John Irwin's &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.amazon.com/Mystery-Solution-Borges-Analytic-Detective/dp/0801854660?ie=UTF8&amp;amp;tag=ssblog05-20&amp;amp;link_code=btl&amp;amp;camp=213689&amp;amp;creative=392969" target="_blank"&gt;The Mystery to a Solution: Poe, Borges , and the Analytic Detective Story&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="http://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=ssblog05-20&amp;amp;l=btl&amp;amp;camp=213689&amp;amp;creative=392969&amp;amp;o=1&amp;amp;a=0801854660" style="border: medium none ! important; margin: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important;" width="1" /&gt;&lt;/i&gt;.]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Also, there is this alternative theory about an alleged French symbolist poet named Pierre Menard, whose works Borges apparently read as a young man in Geneva, Switzerland. However, no evidence has been found on this matter yet.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3414960952996672974-6662328746575340107?l=samuelsotillo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/feeds/6662328746575340107/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3414960952996672974&amp;postID=6662328746575340107' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/6662328746575340107'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/6662328746575340107'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/2010/07/pierre-menard-lieutenant-governor-of.html' title='Pierre Menard, Lieutenant Governor of Illinois'/><author><name>Samuel F. Sotillo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05537777895508725811</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='23' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/Sz5wwg8NUDI/AAAAAAAAAFk/Wv-1zeDTddA/S220/me+7b.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/TEt_DzggcfI/AAAAAAAAAJ8/VgD973lWk5E/s72-c/pierre.gif' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3414960952996672974.post-6858446643119818169</id><published>2010-07-24T15:20:00.007-04:00</published><updated>2010-07-25T08:40:35.642-04:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Literatura'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Roberto Bolaño'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Libros'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='venezuela'/><title type='text'>La literatura venezolana</title><content type='html'>Hace unos días conversaba con un conocido que apenas regresaba de un sabático de varios meses en Venezuela. Le pregunté cómo estaban las cosas por allá; lo de siempre, me dijo. Le pregunté por la literatura de allá; publicando como locos, me respondió.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Hace exactamente un año que yo mismo regresé a mi país natal, en una corta visita y luego de casi una década de ausencia. Hoy, cuando reviso las memorias de esa visita, corta pero intensa en emociones y recuerdos, no puedo dejar de pensar en la vez que &lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_Bola%C3%B1o"&gt;Roberto Bolaño&lt;/a&gt; regresó a su Chile natal luego de una larga ausencia, mucho más larga que la mía. Bolaño la puso en papel, como apenas hago yo ahora. (Al que le interese, la puede encontrar en su colección &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.amazon.com/Entre-Parentesis-Articulos-Discursos-1998-2003/dp/8433967940?ie=UTF8&amp;amp;tag=ssblog05-20&amp;amp;link_code=btl&amp;amp;camp=213689&amp;amp;creative=392969" target="_blank"&gt;Entre paréntesis&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="http://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=ssblog05-20&amp;amp;l=btl&amp;amp;camp=213689&amp;amp;creative=392969&amp;amp;o=1&amp;amp;a=8433967940" style="border: medium none ! important; margin: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important;" width="1" /&gt;, publicada póstumamente por Anagrama.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;En fin, Bolaño describe su visita en forma fragmentaria, como de seguro fueron las emociones encontradas que le produjo el regreso. Yo, por supuesto, conozco el sentimiento. (Por cierto, Bolaño titula sus comentarios "Fragmentos de un regreso al país natal", lo que recuerda aquellos poemas de &lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aim%C3%A9_C%C3%A9saire"&gt;Aimé Césaire&lt;/a&gt; titulados &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.amazon.com/Cahier-Retour-Pays-Natal-French/dp/2708704206?ie=UTF8&amp;amp;tag=ssblog05-20&amp;amp;link_code=btl&amp;amp;camp=213689&amp;amp;creative=392969" target="_blank"&gt;Cahier d'un retour au pays natal&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="http://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=ssblog05-20&amp;amp;l=btl&amp;amp;camp=213689&amp;amp;creative=392969&amp;amp;o=1&amp;amp;a=2708704206" style="border: medium none ! important; margin: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important;" width="1" /&gt;&lt;/i&gt;, o &lt;i&gt;Cuaderno del retorno al país natal&lt;/i&gt;.) En todo caso, Bolaño dedica uno de los fragmentos a "La literatura chilena", y aquí lo pongo íntegro (con itálicas mías):&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;Esto es lo que aprendí de la literatura chilena. Nada pidas que nada te dará. No te enfermes que nadie te ayudará. No pidas entrar en ninguna antología que tu nombre siempre se ocultará. No luches que siempre serás vencido. &lt;i&gt;No le des la espalda al poder porque el poder lo es todo. No escatimes halago a los imbéciles, a los dogmáticos, a los mediocres, si no quieres vivir una temporada en el infierno. La vida sigue, aquí, más o menos igual.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;A un año de distancia de mi regreso de dos semanas, creo que el veredicto de Bolaño aplica a mí país natal tanto como al suyo. En cuanto a la literatura, la vida en ambos países sigue, "más o menos igual". Es cierto, como me dijo el conocido que estuvo por allá hace poco, ahora se publica mucho más en Venezuela. Se publica como loco. Pero como siempre ha sido, con algunas pocas excepciones (&lt;a href="http://www.cenal.gob.ve/agencia/luis.htm"&gt;Luis Laya&lt;/a&gt; y algún otro escritor que vale la pena), se publica más que nada a quienes no le dan la espalda al poder: a los imbéciles, a los dogmáticos, a los mediocres y, por supuesto, a los &lt;a href="http://www.asihablamos.com/word/palabra/Jalabolas.php"&gt;jalabolas&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3414960952996672974-6858446643119818169?l=samuelsotillo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/feeds/6858446643119818169/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3414960952996672974&amp;postID=6858446643119818169' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/6858446643119818169'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/6858446643119818169'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/2010/07/la-literatura-venezolana.html' title='La literatura venezolana'/><author><name>Samuel F. Sotillo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05537777895508725811</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='23' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/Sz5wwg8NUDI/AAAAAAAAAFk/Wv-1zeDTddA/S220/me+7b.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3414960952996672974.post-5766289311362285179</id><published>2010-07-24T13:01:00.004-04:00</published><updated>2010-07-24T15:27:00.282-04:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Said'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Literatura'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='W. Somerset Maugham'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='orientalism'/><title type='text'>The commodification of us all</title><content type='html'>Critic David Shaftel recently wrote a &lt;a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/25/books/review/Shaftel-t.html?_r=1&amp;amp;nl=books&amp;amp;emc=booksupdateemb3"&gt;piece&lt;/a&gt; for the &lt;i&gt;NYT&lt;/i&gt;'s &lt;i&gt;Sunday Book Review&lt;/i&gt; on how "Elizabeth Gilbert’s juggernaut of a memoir," &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.amazon.com/Eat-Pray-Love-Everything-Indonesia/dp/0143118420?ie=UTF8&amp;amp;tag=ssblog05-20&amp;amp;link_code=btl&amp;amp;camp=213689&amp;amp;creative=392969" target="_blank"&gt;Eat, Pray, Love: One Woman's Search for Everything Across Italy, India and Indonesia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="http://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=ssblog05-20&amp;amp;l=btl&amp;amp;camp=213689&amp;amp;creative=392969&amp;amp;o=1&amp;amp;a=0143118420" style="border: medium none ! important; margin: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important;" width="1" /&gt;&lt;/i&gt;, has become the most recent example of "the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodification"&gt;commodification&lt;/a&gt; of Eastern spirituality" by Western culture. According to Shaftel, Gilbert's best-seller memoir (I haven't read it yet btw) offers "a breezy primer on the kind of self-examination that is said to take a lifetime, sandwiched between narratives of more earthly ­pleasures."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Something which is far from new, as Shaftel himself explains:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;W. Somerset Maugham’s novel &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.amazon.com/Razors-Edge-W-Somerset-Maugham/dp/1400034205?ie=UTF8&amp;amp;tag=ssblog05-20&amp;amp;link_code=btl&amp;amp;camp=213689&amp;amp;creative=392969" target="_blank"&gt;The Razor’s Edge&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="http://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=ssblog05-20&amp;amp;l=btl&amp;amp;camp=213689&amp;amp;creative=392969&amp;amp;o=1&amp;amp;a=1400034205" style="border: medium none ! important; margin: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important;" width="1" /&gt;&lt;/i&gt;, published in 1944, sold over three million copies and spent almost a year on the best-seller list. In his introduction to &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.amazon.com/Skeptical-Romancer-Selected-Writing-Everymans/dp/0307272125?ie=UTF8&amp;amp;tag=ssblog05-20&amp;amp;link_code=btl&amp;amp;camp=213689&amp;amp;creative=392969" target="_blank"&gt;The Skeptical Romancer: Selected Travel Writing&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;, a recent collection of Maugham’s travel writings, Pico Iyer suggested that &lt;i&gt;The Razor’s Edge&lt;/i&gt; [...] was the prototypical hippie novel. Paramahansa Yogananda, an Indian guru who toured the United States in the 1920s and ’30s, inscribed a copy of his &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.amazon.com/Autobiography-Yogi-Bonus-Paramahansa-Yogananda/dp/0876120834?ie=UTF8&amp;amp;tag=ssblog05-20&amp;amp;link_code=btl&amp;amp;camp=213689&amp;amp;creative=392969" target="_blank"&gt;Autobiography of a Yogi&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="http://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=ssblog05-20&amp;amp;l=btl&amp;amp;camp=213689&amp;amp;creative=392969&amp;amp;o=1&amp;amp;a=0876120834" style="border: medium none ! important; margin: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important;" width="1" /&gt;&lt;/i&gt; (1946) to Maugham, thanking him for “spreading the seed of India’s teachings.” &lt;/blockquote&gt;Of course, we are all familiar with such colorful marketing attempts on Eastern exoticism. In the 1970, Edward Said nicknamed such marketing attempts as "orientalism". In his famous book on the topic (&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.amazon.com/Orientalism-Edward-W-Said/dp/039474067X?ie=UTF8&amp;amp;tag=ssblog05-20&amp;amp;link_code=btl&amp;amp;camp=213689&amp;amp;creative=392969" target="_blank"&gt;Orientalism&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;), Said explores the different ways in which the stereotyping of the East by Western intellectuals operates - from a romanticized version of the exotic to its identification as the primitive, and ultimately inferior, &lt;i&gt;Other&lt;/i&gt;. Of course, Westerners' interest on Eastern spirituality has a similar root, since what ashram travelers are looking for is an idealized form of spirituality - idealized, precisely, because of its primitiveness, and ultimately, inferiority.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Therefore, such "commodification" is nothing but an externalization of the way - the only way one could say - in which Western culture is capable of approaching the &lt;i&gt;Other&lt;/i&gt;, including us: Latin Americans - that is, as an object to be either bought or sold.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3414960952996672974-5766289311362285179?l=samuelsotillo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/feeds/5766289311362285179/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3414960952996672974&amp;postID=5766289311362285179' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/5766289311362285179'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/5766289311362285179'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/2010/07/commodification-of-us-all.html' title='The commodification of us all'/><author><name>Samuel F. Sotillo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05537777895508725811</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='23' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/Sz5wwg8NUDI/AAAAAAAAAFk/Wv-1zeDTddA/S220/me+7b.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3414960952996672974.post-922545023871722334</id><published>2010-07-16T21:57:00.022-04:00</published><updated>2010-07-17T09:15:37.957-04:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Magic realism'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Literatura'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Christopher Nolan'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Inception'/><title type='text'>Inception, Borges y el "realismo mágico"</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;Inception &lt;/i&gt;es la película más reciente del director inglés &lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Nolan"&gt;Christopher Nolan&lt;/a&gt;, quién ha dirigido muchos éxitos de taquilla de los últimos años (por ejemplo, &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.amazon.com/Batman-Begins-Full-Screen-Christian/dp/B000AU9UYC?ie=UTF8&amp;amp;tag=ssblog05-20&amp;amp;link_code=btl&amp;amp;camp=213689&amp;amp;creative=392969" target="_blank"&gt;Batman Begins&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="http://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=ssblog05-20&amp;amp;l=btl&amp;amp;camp=213689&amp;amp;creative=392969&amp;amp;o=1&amp;amp;a=B000AU9UYC" style="border: medium none ! important; margin: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important;" width="1" /&gt;, &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.amazon.com/Memento-Widescreen-Two-Disc-Limited-Pearce/dp/B0000640SA?ie=UTF8&amp;amp;tag=ssblog05-20&amp;amp;link_code=btl&amp;amp;camp=213689&amp;amp;creative=392969" target="_blank"&gt;Memento&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; y &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.amazon.com/Dark-Knight-Two-Disc-Special/dp/B001GZ6QDS?ie=UTF8&amp;amp;tag=ssblog05-20&amp;amp;link_code=btl&amp;amp;camp=213689&amp;amp;creative=392969" target="_blank"&gt;The Dark Knight&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="http://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=ssblog05-20&amp;amp;l=btl&amp;amp;camp=213689&amp;amp;creative=392969&amp;amp;o=1&amp;amp;a=B001GZ6QDS" style="border: medium none ! important; margin: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important;" width="1" /&gt;&lt;/i&gt;). Nolan se ha convertido en un verdadero fenómeno cinematográfico, tanto que su éxito ha llevado a muchos a &lt;a href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/7894773/The-director-who-can-do-what-he-wants.html"&gt;compararlo&lt;/a&gt; con otro prodigio de la gran pantalla: el Sr. midas del cine, &lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Spielberg"&gt;Steven Spielberg&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;En una &lt;a href="http://www.thestar.com/article/836236--howell-relax-and-enjoy-the-ride-inception-director-says"&gt;entrevista&lt;/a&gt; reciente, publicada por el &lt;i&gt;Toronto Star&lt;/i&gt; bajo la firma del crítico Peter Howel, Nolan explica que una de sus mayores inspiraciones (para &lt;i&gt;Inception &lt;/i&gt;y casi todo su cinematografía) es la obra de Jorge Luis Borges, a quién el crítico Howel describe como "the late Argentine poet, author and essayist" que "was a pioneer of magic realism, a combination of real and surreal  elements often used by filmmakers".&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;No he visto la película reseñada por Howel todavía, así que no voy a comentarla aquí. Sin embargo, es indudable que Nolan es un director de talento, y que películas como &lt;i&gt;Memento &lt;/i&gt;y &lt;i&gt;The Dark Knight&lt;/i&gt; constituyen verdaderos clásicos contemporáneos. De seguro que &lt;i&gt;Inception&lt;/i&gt; no debe estar muy lejos de sus predecesoras.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Lo que quería comentar, en cambio, es la referencia que Howel hace del término &lt;i&gt;realismo mágico&lt;/i&gt;. Personalmente considero odioso el uso y abuso del término que se hace aquí en los EE.UU. y, en ocasiones, también en Europa. Pero antes de explicar mis razones, hablemos de un poco de historia.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/TEDxMWcSkYI/AAAAAAAAAJc/MzfXL65kX_U/s1600/ritrroh.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="200" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/TEDxMWcSkYI/AAAAAAAAAJc/MzfXL65kX_U/s200/ritrroh.jpg" title="Franz Roh" width="151" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;El término &lt;i&gt;realismo mágico&lt;/i&gt; tiene una historia accidentada. Se cree, dice la leyenda, que el primero en usar el término fue un crítico de arte alemán de nombre &lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Roh"&gt;Franz Roh&lt;/a&gt;. En 1925, Roh publicó un libro, cuyo título en alemán era: &lt;i&gt;Nach Expressionismus: Magischer Realismus: Probleme der neusten  europäischen Malerei&lt;/i&gt; (&lt;i&gt;Postexpresionismo: los problemas de la nueva pintura europea&lt;/i&gt;), en el cual utiliza la expresión realismo mágico para describir el arte alemán posterior al &lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expresionismo"&gt;expresionismo&lt;/a&gt;. Para él, el post-expresionismo era un tipo de arte donde "el misterio no desciende al mundo representado", como era el caso en el arte "místico", sino que "se esconde y palpita tras él". Por cierto, para más detalles sobre la historia de este término, ver el excelente ensayo de &lt;a href="http://www.amazon.com/Homenaje-Luis-Leal-literatura-hispanoamericana/dp/847185130X?ie=UTF8&amp;amp;tag=ssblog05-20&amp;amp;link_code=btl&amp;amp;camp=213689&amp;amp;creative=392969" target="_blank"&gt;Luis Leal&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="http://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=ssblog05-20&amp;amp;l=btl&amp;amp;camp=213689&amp;amp;creative=392969&amp;amp;o=1&amp;amp;a=847185130X" style="border: medium none ! important; margin: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important;" width="1" /&gt;, "&lt;a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=JBbtLUD7D18C&amp;amp;pg=PA513&amp;amp;lpg=PA513&amp;amp;dq=El+realismo+m%C3%A1gico+en+la+literatura+hispanoamericana+luis+leal&amp;amp;source=bl&amp;amp;ots=TUPq81zRRV&amp;amp;sig=QNfYIZMPT4ySE0HwWfZmOPfUCXs&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;ei=mQ9BTJb3AoGC8gbc0bHEDw&amp;amp;sa=X&amp;amp;oi=book_result&amp;amp;ct=result&amp;amp;resnum=3&amp;amp;ved=0CB8Q6AEwAg#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=El%20realismo%20m%C3%A1gico%20en%20la%20literatura%20hispanoamericana%20luis%20leal&amp;amp;f=false"&gt;El realismo mágico en la literatura hispanoamericana&lt;/a&gt;".&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Cuatro años después de publicado el libro de Roh, tres jóvenes escritores latinoamericanos tienen la suerte de coincidir en el París de la entreguerras. Los tres eran poco conocidos, fuera de sus respectivos claustros nacionales, pero muy talentosos. Uno era venezolano, por entonces de 23 años, y se llamaba &lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arturo_Uslar_Pietri"&gt;Arturo Úslar Pietri&lt;/a&gt;. El otro era cubano, algo más viejo, de unos 25 años, y con un acento tan curioso como su nombre: &lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alejo_Carpentier"&gt;Alejo Carpentier&lt;/a&gt;. El último, el mayor de todos, 30 años casi cumplidos, era guatemalteco, y se llamaba &lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_%C3%81ngel_Asturias"&gt;Miguel Ángel Asturias&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;El primero, Úslar Pietri, describió ese encuentro parisino años más tarde, en un breve ensayo donde discute, entre otras cosas, el origen de la palabra &lt;i&gt;realismo mágico&lt;/i&gt;. Allí, Úslar Pietri explica como fue que él introdujo el término en Latinoamérica, en un ensayo sobre el cuento (publicado en 1949), donde dice:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;Lo que vino a predominar [en las letras latinoamericanas de la época] fue la consideración del hombre como misterio en medio de los datos realistas. Una adivinación poética o una negación poética de la realidad. Lo que, a falta de otra palabra, podría llamarse un &lt;i&gt;realismo mágico&lt;/i&gt;. ["Realismo mágico", en la colección de ensayos: &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.amazon.com/Godos-Insurgentes-Visionarios-Biblioteca-breve/dp/8432205354?ie=UTF8&amp;amp;tag=ssblog05-20&amp;amp;link_code=btl&amp;amp;camp=213689&amp;amp;creative=392969" target="_blank"&gt;Godos, insurgentes y visionarios&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;]&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;Es fácil ver la resonancia entre Úslar Pietri y Roh. De hecho, el mismo Úslar Pietri reconoce la deuda que su uso del término tenía con el alemán. A la pregunta:&lt;span lang="ES-VE"&gt; ¿&lt;/span&gt;de dónde vino aquel nombre (i.e., realismo mágico)?, Úslar Pietri se responde a sí mismo:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/TEEINLxunxI/AAAAAAAAAJk/eFy2e0-TL1k/s1600/MiguelAngelAsturias.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="200" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/TEEINLxunxI/AAAAAAAAAJk/eFy2e0-TL1k/s200/MiguelAngelAsturias.JPG" title="Miguel Ángel Asturias" width="148" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;Por el final de los años 20 yo había leído un breve estudio del crítico de arte alemán Franz Roh sobre la pintura postexpresionista europea, que llevaba el título de &lt;i&gt;Realismo mágico&lt;/i&gt;. Ya no me acordaba del lejano libro pero algún oscuro mecanismo de la mente me lo hizo surgir espontáneamente en el momento en que trataba de buscar un nombre para aquella nueva forma de narrativa.&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;Cabe aclarar que esa "nueva forma de narrativa" a la que se refería Úslar Pietri, era la de sus amigos de París: Asturias y Carpentier, quienes para la época trabajaban en dos de sus obras más importantes, y entre las más representativas del género: &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.amazon.com/Leyendas-Guatemala-Spanish-Miguel-Asturias/dp/8420658774?ie=UTF8&amp;amp;tag=ssblog05-20&amp;amp;link_code=btl&amp;amp;camp=213689&amp;amp;creative=392969" target="_blank"&gt;Leyendas de Guatemala&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="http://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=ssblog05-20&amp;amp;l=btl&amp;amp;camp=213689&amp;amp;creative=392969&amp;amp;o=1&amp;amp;a=8420658774" style="border: medium none ! important; margin: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important;" width="1" /&gt;&lt;/i&gt; (Asturias) y &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.amazon.com/Ecue-Yamba-o-BIBLIOTECA-CARPENTIER-Biblioteca-Library/dp/8420673307?ie=UTF8&amp;amp;tag=ssblog05-20&amp;amp;link_code=btl&amp;amp;camp=213689&amp;amp;creative=392969" target="_blank"&gt;Ecue Yamba O&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="http://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=ssblog05-20&amp;amp;l=btl&amp;amp;camp=213689&amp;amp;creative=392969&amp;amp;o=1&amp;amp;a=8420673307" style="border: medium none ! important; margin: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important;" width="1" /&gt; (Carpentier) [Úslar Pietri también estaba trabajando en la que sería su mejor novela, &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.amazon.com/coloradas-cuentos-selectos-Biblioteca-Ayacucho/dp/8466000267?ie=UTF8&amp;amp;tag=ssblog05-20&amp;amp;link_code=btl&amp;amp;camp=213689&amp;amp;creative=392969" target="_blank"&gt;Las lanzas coloradas&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="http://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=ssblog05-20&amp;amp;l=btl&amp;amp;camp=213689&amp;amp;creative=392969&amp;amp;o=1&amp;amp;a=8466000267" style="border: medium none ! important; margin: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important;" width="1" /&gt;&lt;/i&gt;].&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/TEEIX9Iah4I/AAAAAAAAAJs/jZ0I1P6FA54/s1600/carpentier.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="196" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/TEEIX9Iah4I/AAAAAAAAAJs/jZ0I1P6FA54/s200/carpentier.jpg" title="Alejo Carpentier" width="200" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;En fin, es claro que el término &lt;i&gt;realismo mágico&lt;/i&gt;, al menos en nuestro contexto latinoamericano, tiene muy poco en común con la literatura fantástica (donde Borges fue maestro), menos aún con el &lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrealismo"&gt;surrealismo&lt;/a&gt; u&amp;nbsp; otros &lt;i&gt;ismos&lt;/i&gt; de inspiración psicológica u onírica, como lo sugiere Howel en su artículo.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Como explica Luis Leal, el realismo mágico no busca desfigurar la realidad o "crear mundos imaginados", al estilo de la ciencia ficción o del género fantástico. Tampoco es su intención crear formas estéticamente complejas, al estilo del modernismo &lt;i&gt;joyceano&lt;/i&gt;, o historias mágicas que apelen más a la emotividad visceral del lector que a su inteligencia, al estilo del cine de Nolan o Ridley Scott. "El realismo mágico es", explica Leal, "más que nada, una actitud ante la realidad". Y allí es donde, precisamente, mucha crítica &lt;i&gt;vulgar&lt;/i&gt; ha sido incapaz de atinar. Lo que, claro está, se comprende, ya que es difícil entender una &lt;i&gt;actitud&lt;/i&gt; hacia algo (nuestra realidad) que, en la mayoría de los casos, se desconoce.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/TEEJEp5eiVI/AAAAAAAAAJ0/PjHfqfSME6E/s1600/Arturo+Uslar+Pietri.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="200" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/TEEJEp5eiVI/AAAAAAAAAJ0/PjHfqfSME6E/s200/Arturo+Uslar+Pietri.jpg" title="Arturo Úslar Pietri" width="145" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Por tanto, decir que &lt;i&gt;Inception &lt;/i&gt;o cualquiera de las películas de Nolan es un ejemplo de &lt;i&gt;realismo mágico&lt;/i&gt; es, en mi opinión, absurdo. Tan absurdo como lo es decirlo en relación al &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.amazon.com/Pans-Labyrinth-Ivana-Baquero/dp/B000O76ZQC?ie=UTF8&amp;amp;tag=ssblog05-20&amp;amp;link_code=btl&amp;amp;camp=213689&amp;amp;creative=392969" target="_blank"&gt;Laberinto del Fauno&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="http://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=ssblog05-20&amp;amp;l=btl&amp;amp;camp=213689&amp;amp;creative=392969&amp;amp;o=1&amp;amp;a=B000O76ZQC" style="border: medium none ! important; margin: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important;" width="1" /&gt;&lt;/i&gt;, del mexicano Guillermo del Toro. Desafortunadamente, tanto se ha abusado del término que no sorprende que alguien como Nolan, que seguramente &lt;i&gt;SÍ&lt;/i&gt; se inspira en la &lt;i&gt;literatura fantástica &lt;/i&gt;de Borges, lo use para describir su propia narrativa fílmica.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Pero eso, en el caso de Nolan, es perdonable. Lo que es imperdonable es que muchos que pretenden conocer la literatura latinoamericana, sobre todo muchos que hacen vida en eso que llaman Academia, sean incapaces de hacer la distinción y persistan en usar el término erróneamente.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;A estos les sugiero lo que solía recomendar mi profesor de funciones de variable compleja en la universidad: &lt;i&gt;ir a las fuentes&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3414960952996672974-922545023871722334?l=samuelsotillo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/feeds/922545023871722334/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3414960952996672974&amp;postID=922545023871722334' title='2 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/922545023871722334'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/922545023871722334'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/2010/07/inception-borges-y-el-realismo-magico.html' title='&lt;em&gt;Inception&lt;/em&gt;, Borges y el &quot;realismo mágico&quot;'/><author><name>Samuel F. Sotillo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05537777895508725811</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='23' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/Sz5wwg8NUDI/AAAAAAAAAFk/Wv-1zeDTddA/S220/me+7b.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/TEDxMWcSkYI/AAAAAAAAAJc/MzfXL65kX_U/s72-c/ritrroh.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>2</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3414960952996672974.post-6263439402290387242</id><published>2010-06-29T10:06:00.020-04:00</published><updated>2010-06-30T20:50:46.351-04:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='New York Times'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Borges'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Literatura'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Kabbalah'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Libros'/><title type='text'>Borges, la cábala y el New York Times</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/TCYtBF9TqqI/AAAAAAAAAIc/vd4csSOEhqs/s1600/child_e.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 0em; margin-right: 0.1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="80" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/TCYtBF9TqqI/AAAAAAAAAIc/vd4csSOEhqs/s200/child_e.gif" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;l &lt;i&gt;New York Times&lt;/i&gt; recién publicó un &lt;a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/27/books/review/Galchen-t.html?nl=books&amp;amp;emc=booksupdateemb3"&gt;ensayo&lt;/a&gt; por la escritora canadiense &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivka_Galchen"&gt;Rivka Galchen&lt;/a&gt;, en donde ésta ofrece un comentario sobre el ensayo "La fruición literaria", una pieza juvenil de Jorge Luis Borges, publicada por allá por 1928. El ensayo es parte de la antología &lt;a href="http://www.amazon.com/Writing-Penguin-Classics-Jorge-Borges/dp/0143105728?ie=UTF8&amp;amp;tag=ssblog05-20&amp;amp;link_code=btl&amp;amp;camp=213689&amp;amp;creative=392969" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;i&gt;On Writing&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="http://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=ssblog05-20&amp;amp;l=btl&amp;amp;camp=213689&amp;amp;creative=392969&amp;amp;o=1&amp;amp;a=0143105728" style="border: medium none ! important; margin: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important;" width="1" /&gt;, recientemente publicada por la casa editorial Penguin Classic bajo la dirección editorial de &lt;a href="http://www.nybooks.com/contributors/suzanne-jill-levine/"&gt;Suzanne Jill Levine&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;En su ensayo, Galchen explora el tema de las influencias, particularmente en cuanto a la práctica de la escritura y, por otro lado, en relación al motivo, muy presente en Borges, del "ideal platónico del escritor" y de su culto. Galchen se concentra, como se dijo antes, en el ensayo "Literary Pleasure", que Borges publicó originalmente en español (en 1928) como "La fruición literaria" (en inglés, ver también &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.amazon.com/Total-Library-Non-fiction-1922-1986-Classics/dp/0141183020?ie=UTF8&amp;amp;tag=ssblog05-20&amp;amp;link_code=btl&amp;amp;camp=213689&amp;amp;creative=392969" target="_blank"&gt;The Total Library: Non-fiction, 1922-1986&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="http://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=ssblog05-20&amp;amp;l=btl&amp;amp;camp=213689&amp;amp;creative=392969&amp;amp;o=1&amp;amp;a=0141183020" style="border: medium none ! important; margin: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important;" width="1" /&gt;; en español ver &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.amazon.com/Idioma-Argentinos-Jorge-Luis-Borges/dp/B0026ECR1S?ie=UTF8&amp;amp;tag=ssblog05-20&amp;amp;link_code=btl&amp;amp;camp=213689&amp;amp;creative=392969" target="_blank"&gt;El idioma de los argentinos&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="http://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=ssblog05-20&amp;amp;l=btl&amp;amp;camp=213689&amp;amp;creative=392969&amp;amp;o=1&amp;amp;a=B0026ECR1S" style="border: medium none ! important; margin: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important;" width="1" /&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Otro tema que Galchen explora en su ensayo es la influencia del escritor de aventuras escocés, &lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson"&gt;Robert Louis Stevenson&lt;/a&gt;, sobre Borges. La misma ha sido bien documentada ya (por ejemplo, por Daniel                   Balderston en su libro &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.amazon.com/EL-PRECURSOR-VELADO-STEVENSON-BORGES/dp/B0026SDE2A?ie=UTF8&amp;amp;tag=ssblog05-20&amp;amp;link_code=btl&amp;amp;camp=213689&amp;amp;creative=392969" target="_blank"&gt;El precursor velado: R. L. Stevenson en la obra de Borges&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="http://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=ssblog05-20&amp;amp;l=btl&amp;amp;camp=213689&amp;amp;creative=392969&amp;amp;o=1&amp;amp;a=B0026SDE2A" style="border: medium none ! important; margin: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important;" width="1" /&gt;), así que en esto Galchen no ofrece nada nuevo, fuera de su mención de la novela de Stevenson &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.amazon.com/Wrecker-Robert-Louis-Stevenson/dp/1443802417?ie=UTF8&amp;amp;tag=ssblog05-20&amp;amp;link_code=btl&amp;amp;camp=213689&amp;amp;creative=392969" target="_blank"&gt;The Wrecker&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="http://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=ssblog05-20&amp;amp;l=btl&amp;amp;camp=213689&amp;amp;creative=392969&amp;amp;o=1&amp;amp;a=1443802417" style="border: medium none ! important; margin: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important;" width="1" /&gt;&lt;/i&gt;, que tampoco es nuevo como puede verse en el trabajo del mismo &lt;a href="http://www.borges.pitt.edu/bsol/dbc.php"&gt;Balderston&lt;/a&gt; citado antes.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;En fin, me interesa resaltar una cosa. Galchen menciona que Borges, en su prólogo a la antología &lt;i&gt;El jardín de senderos que se bifurcan&lt;/i&gt; (parte de la colección &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.amazon.com/Ficciones-Esenciales-Spanish-Jorge-Borges/dp/0061565377?ie=UTF8&amp;amp;tag=ssblog05-20&amp;amp;link_code=btl&amp;amp;camp=213689&amp;amp;creative=392969" target="_blank"&gt;Ficciones&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="http://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=ssblog05-20&amp;amp;l=btl&amp;amp;camp=213689&amp;amp;creative=392969&amp;amp;o=1&amp;amp;a=0061565377" style="border: medium none ! important; margin: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important;" width="1" /&gt;), explica sus razones para no escribir novelas del siguiente modo (aquí ofrezco la versión original de la cita en español):&lt;/p&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;Desvarío laborioso y empobrecedor el de componer vastos libros... Mejor procedimiento es simular que esos libros ya existen y ofrecer un resumen, un comentario.&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;Esta cita y la mención a la obra de Stevenson (cuyo tema ella resume con la frase "the hyperbolized material world measures up to the outsize passions of  the heart"), le sirven a Galchen para desarrollar lo que es su motivo más interesante: la manera como el culto a la lectura conjura, en Borges, el deseo de inventar el libro que su corazón "desperately wishes to respond". Galchen cita, por ejemplo, el cuento "Pierre Menard, autor del Quijote" (está en &lt;i&gt;Ficciones&lt;/i&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Como se recordará, Pierre Menard es un escritor que quiere componer el &lt;i&gt;Quijote&lt;/i&gt;, "no otro &lt;i&gt;Quijote&lt;/i&gt;", aclara, "sino el &lt;i&gt;Quijote&lt;/i&gt;". Su deseo no es copiar la obra del castellano sino, usando la palabra de Galchen, "conjurarla". En otras palabras, Menard quiere crear una obra que produzca en el lector una experiencia idéntica a la que produjo la obra original en el lector del siglo XVII, pero trasladada al siglo XX. Si reiteramos, lo que Menard quiere hacer es "conjurar" la &lt;i&gt;grandeza&lt;/i&gt; de la obra del castellano pero sin repetirla y, más importante aún, sin pretender ser otro Cervantes, sino seguir siendo él mismo, es decir, Pierre Menard. [PD: por cierto, recuérdese que la novela de Bolaño, &lt;a target="_blank"  href="http://www.amazon.com/Estrella-distante-Vintage-Espanol-Spanish/dp/030747612X?ie=UTF8&amp;tag=ssblog05-20&amp;link_code=btl&amp;camp=213689&amp;creative=392969"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Estrella distante&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=ssblog05-20&amp;l=btl&amp;camp=213689&amp;creative=392969&amp;o=1&amp;a=030747612X" width="1" height="1" border="0" alt="" style="border:none !important; margin:0px !important; padding: 0px !important" /&gt;, comienza conjurando al fantasma de Pierre Menard. Bolaño practicó también eso que podríamos llamar la poética &lt;i&gt;borgesiana &lt;/i&gt;o la aproximación &lt;i&gt;borgesiana &lt;/i&gt;a la literatura: que no es otra cosa que, como dice Borges, inventarse los libros para luego resumirlos, comentarlos.]&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Galchen ve en esta insistencia de Borges por inventar libros a los que él "desperately wishes to respond", la consecuencia inevitable de su convicción de que "book’s characters are only a string of words". Ahora bien, ¿y qué tienen que ver los "strings of words" con los conjuros? Bueno la relación es evidente sólo si entendemos la pasión de Borges por la &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabala"&gt;cábala&lt;/a&gt; y por el esoterismo. Como sabemos, evidencia de esta pasión abunda en muchas de las historias de Borges, así como en algunos de sus poemas. Por ejemplo, uno de sus cuentos mas famosos, "&lt;a href="http://www.amazon.com/El-Aleph-Jorge-Luis-Borges/dp/8420633119?ie=UTF8&amp;amp;tag=ssblog05-20&amp;amp;link_code=btl&amp;amp;camp=213689&amp;amp;creative=392969" target="_blank"&gt;El aleph&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="http://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=ssblog05-20&amp;amp;l=btl&amp;amp;camp=213689&amp;amp;creative=392969&amp;amp;o=1&amp;amp;a=8420633119" style="border: medium none ! important; margin: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important;" width="1" /&gt;", está inspirado en un tema cabalístico, al igual que su poema "El Golem", que es parte de la colección &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.amazon.com/El-Otro-Mismo-Spanish/dp/9500427028?ie=UTF8&amp;amp;tag=ssblog05-20&amp;amp;link_code=btl&amp;amp;camp=213689&amp;amp;creative=392969" target="_blank"&gt;El otro, el mismo&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="http://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=ssblog05-20&amp;amp;l=btl&amp;amp;camp=213689&amp;amp;creative=392969&amp;amp;o=1&amp;amp;a=9500427028" style="border: medium none ! important; margin: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important;" width="1" /&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Como sabemos (sobre el particular ver el excelente libro de Saúl Sosnowski &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.amazon.com/Borges-Cabala-busqueda-del-verbo/dp/B002CXFMEC?ie=UTF8&amp;amp;tag=ssblog05-20&amp;amp;link_code=btl&amp;amp;camp=213689&amp;amp;creative=392969" target="_blank"&gt;Borges y la cábala. La búsqueda del verbo&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="http://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=ssblog05-20&amp;amp;l=btl&amp;amp;camp=213689&amp;amp;creative=392969&amp;amp;o=1&amp;amp;a=B002CXFMEC" style="border: medium none ! important; margin: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important;" width="1" /&gt;), Borges sentía una fascinación casi enfermiza por la cábala, sobre la que aprendió en una serie de encuentros con &lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gershom_Scholem"&gt;Gershom Scholem&lt;/a&gt;, el filólogo y estudioso de la cábala israelí quien, además, fue también amigo y una gran influencia en el crítico alemán &lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Benjamin"&gt;Walter Benjamin&lt;/a&gt;. De ese interés por la cábala es que le viene a Borges eso que Galchen caracteriza como una convicción por ver los personajes de un libro como "string of words" y la lectura/escritura como una forma de "conjuro". Y ello porque para el cabalista - ver el libro de Scholem &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.amazon.com/Kabbalah-its-Symbolism-Mysticism/dp/0805210512?ie=UTF8&amp;amp;tag=ssblog05-20&amp;amp;link_code=btl&amp;amp;camp=213689&amp;amp;creative=392969" target="_blank"&gt;On The Kabbalah and Its Symbolism&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="http://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=ssblog05-20&amp;amp;l=btl&amp;amp;camp=213689&amp;amp;creative=392969&amp;amp;o=1&amp;amp;a=0805210512" style="border: medium none ! important; margin: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important;" width="1" /&gt;, que fue uno de los usados por Borges - el mundo no es sino una emanación (i.e., algo que emerge después de conjurarse) de un "string" de cuatro letras: el &lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahveh#Escritura"&gt;tetragrámaton&lt;/a&gt; hebreo: YHWH (&lt;span dir="rtl" lang="he" style="font-family: Narkisim,David,Times New Roman,Miriam Fixed,Gisha,Microsoft Sans Serif,DejaVu Sans,serif; font-size: 146%;" xml:lang="he"&gt;יְהֹוָה&lt;/span&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3414960952996672974-6263439402290387242?l=samuelsotillo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/feeds/6263439402290387242/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3414960952996672974&amp;postID=6263439402290387242' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/6263439402290387242'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/6263439402290387242'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/2010/06/borges-la-cabala-y-el-new-york-times.html' title='Borges, la cábala y el New York Times'/><author><name>Samuel F. Sotillo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05537777895508725811</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='23' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/Sz5wwg8NUDI/AAAAAAAAAFk/Wv-1zeDTddA/S220/me+7b.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/TCYtBF9TqqI/AAAAAAAAAIc/vd4csSOEhqs/s72-c/child_e.gif' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3414960952996672974.post-5958300724975407300</id><published>2010-06-28T23:03:00.049-04:00</published><updated>2010-06-29T10:37:07.731-04:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Essentialism'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Virtue'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='football'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Terry Eagleton'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='philosophy'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Marxism'/><title type='text'>Eagleton vs. football</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/TCk9BsK9iNI/AAAAAAAAAI0/8tdWoENe3wg/s1600/child_r.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 0em; margin-right: 0.1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="80" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/TCk9BsK9iNI/AAAAAAAAAI0/8tdWoENe3wg/s200/child_r.gif" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;ecently, British literary critic and &lt;i&gt;amateur &lt;/i&gt;philosopher &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Eagleton"&gt;Terry Eagleton&lt;/a&gt; wrote an &lt;a href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2010/jun/15/football-socialism-crack-cocaine-people"&gt;article&lt;/a&gt; - published last week by &lt;i&gt;The Guardian&lt;/i&gt; - about how football and the World Cup have become "another setback to any radical change" and - paraphrasing Marx's famous remark - how this sport is today's "opium of the people". A few days after that, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Zirin"&gt;Dave Zirin&lt;/a&gt; wrote a &lt;a href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/cifamerica/2010/jun/21/football-terry-eagleton-sport"&gt;response&lt;/a&gt;, arguing that Eagleton's remarks are a symptom of the latter's own alienation.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;I don't want to take sides on this controversy, partly because I agree somehow with both: with Eagleton, because he is right on saying that - at least, these days - the World Cup is just "a matter of spectacle," and with Zirin, because he also is right on saying that Eagleton has become a sort of eremite, a medieval monk, totally isolated from the real world - i.e., the world in all its dirtiness. And it is about this fact, that Eagleton has become so alienated from reality, that I want to comment here.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Let me start by saying that I admire Eagleton's career as author and literary critic. Starting with his brilliant &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.amazon.com/Marxism-Literary-Criticism-Terry-Eagleton/dp/0520032438?ie=UTF8&amp;amp;tag=ssblog05-20&amp;amp;link_code=btl&amp;amp;camp=213689&amp;amp;creative=392969" target="_blank"&gt;Marxism and Literary Criticism&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="http://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=ssblog05-20&amp;amp;l=btl&amp;amp;camp=213689&amp;amp;creative=392969&amp;amp;o=1&amp;amp;a=0520032438" style="border: medium none ! important; margin: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important;" width="1" /&gt;&lt;/i&gt; - a mandatory reading for anyone who is serious about the profession - or his insightful &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.amazon.com/Ideology-Aesthetic-Terry-Eagleton/dp/0631163026?ie=UTF8&amp;amp;tag=ssblog05-20&amp;amp;link_code=btl&amp;amp;camp=213689&amp;amp;creative=392969" target="_blank"&gt;The Ideology of the Aesthetic&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; - one of the best intros to Marxist aesthetic theory - or his interesting (though deeply mistaken) &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.amazon.com/Walter-Benjamin-Revolutionary-Criticism-Thinkers/dp/1844673502?ie=UTF8&amp;amp;tag=ssblog05-20&amp;amp;link_code=btl&amp;amp;camp=213689&amp;amp;creative=392969" target="_blank"&gt;Walter Benjamin: Or, Towards a Revolutionary Criticism&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="http://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=ssblog05-20&amp;amp;l=btl&amp;amp;camp=213689&amp;amp;creative=392969&amp;amp;o=1&amp;amp;a=1844673502" style="border: medium none ! important; margin: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important;" width="1" /&gt; or even his best-known (and somehow overrated) &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.amazon.com/Literary-Theory-Introduction-Terry-Eagleton/dp/0816654476?ie=UTF8&amp;amp;tag=ssblog05-20&amp;amp;link_code=btl&amp;amp;camp=213689&amp;amp;creative=392969" target="_blank"&gt;Literary Theory: An Introduction&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="http://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=ssblog05-20&amp;amp;l=btl&amp;amp;camp=213689&amp;amp;creative=392969&amp;amp;o=1&amp;amp;a=0816654476" style="border: medium none ! important; margin: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important;" width="1" /&gt;, all of his books are usually well written, well documented, and graciously seasoned with a nice combination of wit and thoroughness - not that common in the literature of the field, if I'm allowed to say.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Nonetheless, some of his latest books are - to say the less - disappointing. His &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.amazon.com/After-Theory-Terry-Eagleton/dp/0465017746?ie=UTF8&amp;amp;tag=ssblog05-20&amp;amp;link_code=btl&amp;amp;camp=213689&amp;amp;creative=392969" target="_blank"&gt;After Theory&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="http://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=ssblog05-20&amp;amp;l=btl&amp;amp;camp=213689&amp;amp;creative=392969&amp;amp;o=1&amp;amp;a=0465017746" style="border: medium none ! important; margin: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important;" width="1" /&gt;, for instance, whose title is a not-so-hidden allusion to &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alasdair_MacIntyre"&gt;Alasdair McIntyre&lt;/a&gt;'s &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.amazon.com/After-Virtue-Study-Moral-Theory/dp/0268035040?ie=UTF8&amp;amp;tag=ssblog05-20&amp;amp;link_code=btl&amp;amp;camp=213689&amp;amp;creative=392969" target="_blank"&gt;After Virtue&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="http://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=ssblog05-20&amp;amp;l=btl&amp;amp;camp=213689&amp;amp;creative=392969&amp;amp;o=1&amp;amp;a=0268035040" style="border: medium none ! important; margin: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important;" width="1" /&gt;, is a sad attempt to re-assert literary theory - or, simply put, to reassert &lt;i&gt;theory &lt;/i&gt;- from the perspective of a sort of scholastic revival. And it is precisely this position, his attempt to re-found Marxist orthodoxy - whose &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reductionism"&gt;reductionism&lt;/a&gt; has been so hardly criticized throughout most of the last Century - by using a quasi-theological redefinition of the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life"&gt;meaning of life&lt;/a&gt; (and, by the way, the title of another of Eagleton's disappointing and most-recent books: &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.amazon.com/Meaning-Life-Short-Introduction-Introductions/dp/0199532176?ie=UTF8&amp;amp;tag=ssblog05-20&amp;amp;link_code=btl&amp;amp;camp=213689&amp;amp;creative=392969" target="_blank"&gt;The Meaning of Life: A Very Short Introduction&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="http://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=ssblog05-20&amp;amp;l=btl&amp;amp;camp=213689&amp;amp;creative=392969&amp;amp;o=1&amp;amp;a=0199532176" style="border: medium none ! important; margin: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important;" width="1" /&gt;), closer to the monastic ideal of Medieval &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholasticism"&gt;Scholasticism&lt;/a&gt; than to Marx's Hegelian &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historicism"&gt;Historicism&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;In any case, after this &lt;i&gt;his&lt;/i&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomism"&gt;Thomist&lt;/a&gt; epiphany, Eagleton decided to re-defined "radical politics" as "the re-education of our desires". Of course, we don't know what kind of "desires" he is talking about (now I guess that &lt;i&gt;love of sports&lt;/i&gt; or football may be one of them) and, most importantly, who the hell is going to decide about that? He?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;And if I have to guess what is behind Eagleton's dislike of football, I find it more credible to think that it's not his well-meant dislike for the exploitation surrounding the &lt;i&gt;spectacle&lt;/i&gt;, but his conviction that what we need is a return to that lost ideal of a &lt;i&gt;virtuous&lt;/i&gt; life, one in which - as he says in his &lt;i&gt;After Theory&lt;/i&gt; - the goal is "to create the social conditions for virtue" (129). Of course, there cannot be any virtue in a &lt;i&gt;spectacle &lt;/i&gt;that "offers its followers beauty, drama, conflict, liturgy, carnival and the  odd spot of tragedy," for virtue requires sacrifice and martyrdom - just as it did from the &lt;a href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10459a.htm"&gt;monk&lt;/a&gt; during the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages"&gt;Middle Ages&lt;/a&gt;. Could you imagine what can be farther away from the ideal of a (Radical) monk than &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maradona"&gt;Diego Armando Maradona&lt;/a&gt;? Not wonder why Eagleton doesn't like him either.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3414960952996672974-5958300724975407300?l=samuelsotillo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/feeds/5958300724975407300/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3414960952996672974&amp;postID=5958300724975407300' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/5958300724975407300'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/5958300724975407300'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/2010/06/eagleton-vs-football.html' title='Eagleton vs. football'/><author><name>Samuel F. Sotillo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05537777895508725811</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='23' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/Sz5wwg8NUDI/AAAAAAAAAFk/Wv-1zeDTddA/S220/me+7b.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/TCk9BsK9iNI/AAAAAAAAAI0/8tdWoENe3wg/s72-c/child_r.gif' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3414960952996672974.post-308548448455610424</id><published>2010-06-18T19:17:00.001-04:00</published><updated>2010-06-29T10:56:30.087-04:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Nobel peace prize'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Literatura'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Portugal'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Saramgo'/><title type='text'>Muere Saramago... RIP</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/TCoJXodwfDI/AAAAAAAAAI8/1l9toGQvK_M/s1600/child_m.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 0em; margin-right: .1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="80" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/TCoJXodwfDI/AAAAAAAAAI8/1l9toGQvK_M/s320/child_m.gif" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;urió a los 87 años el escritor portugués &lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Saramago"&gt;José Saramago&lt;/a&gt;. Sus mejores novelas retrataron la vida en toda su crudeza y miseria, pero no por ello la despojaron del humor y del encanto que la hacen soportable.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3414960952996672974-308548448455610424?l=samuelsotillo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/feeds/308548448455610424/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3414960952996672974&amp;postID=308548448455610424' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/308548448455610424'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/308548448455610424'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/2010/06/muere-saramago-rip.html' title='Muere Saramago... RIP'/><author><name>Samuel F. Sotillo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05537777895508725811</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='23' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/Sz5wwg8NUDI/AAAAAAAAAFk/Wv-1zeDTddA/S220/me+7b.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/TCoJXodwfDI/AAAAAAAAAI8/1l9toGQvK_M/s72-c/child_m.gif' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3414960952996672974.post-3751131786340927237</id><published>2010-06-12T00:13:00.006-04:00</published><updated>2010-06-12T00:38:02.371-04:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Literatura'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Martín Solares'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Cormac McCarthy'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Bolaño'/><title type='text'>Amberes por Bolaño</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/TBMFN5gK5PI/AAAAAAAAAIM/d7gDnk1xDPA/s1600/child_e.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 0em; margin-right: .3em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/TBMFN5gK5PI/AAAAAAAAAIM/d7gDnk1xDPA/s320/child_e.gif" height="80" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;l &lt;i&gt;Edmonton Journal&lt;/i&gt; acaba de publicar una &lt;a href="http://www.edmontonjournal.com/entertainment/glimpse+Bolano+young/3089040/story.html"&gt;reseña&lt;/a&gt; sobre la versión inglesa de &lt;a target="_blank"  href="http://www.amazon.com/Amberes-Narrativas-Hispanicas-Spanish-Roberto/dp/8433968327?ie=UTF8&amp;tag=ssblog05-20&amp;link_code=btl&amp;camp=213689&amp;creative=392969"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Amberes&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=ssblog05-20&amp;l=btl&amp;camp=213689&amp;creative=392969&amp;o=1&amp;a=8433968327" width="1" height="1" border="0" alt="" style="border:none !important; margin:0px !important; padding: 0px !important" /&gt; o &lt;a href="http://www.amazon.com/Antwerp-Roberto-Bola%C3%B1o/dp/0811217175?ie=UTF8&amp;amp;tag=ssblog05-20&amp;amp;link_code=btl&amp;amp;camp=213689&amp;amp;creative=392969" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Antwerp&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="http://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=ssblog05-20&amp;amp;l=btl&amp;amp;camp=213689&amp;amp;creative=392969&amp;amp;o=1&amp;amp;a=0811217175" style="border: medium none ! important; margin: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important;" width="1" /&gt;, en su título en inglés.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Igualmente, El &lt;a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/01/books/01book.html"&gt;New York Times reseñó&lt;/a&gt; la última novela del mexicano Martín Solares, &lt;a target="_blank"  href="http://www.amazon.com/minutos-negros-Vintage-Espanol-Spanish/dp/0307475360?ie=UTF8&amp;tag=ssblog05-20&amp;link_code=btl&amp;camp=213689&amp;creative=392969"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Los minutos negros&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=ssblog05-20&amp;l=btl&amp;camp=213689&amp;creative=392969&amp;o=1&amp;a=0307475360" width="1" height="1" border="0" alt="" style="border:none !important; margin:0px !important; padding: 0px !important" /&gt; (por cierto, hay una excelente &lt;a href="http://www.letraslibres.com/index.php?art=11624"&gt;reseña&lt;/a&gt; de Hugo Iriart que publicó &lt;i&gt;Letras Libres&lt;/i&gt;), que también ha sido vertida al inglés como &lt;a target="_blank"  href="http://www.amazon.com/Black-Minutes-Martin-Solares/dp/0802170684?ie=UTF8&amp;tag=ssblog05-20&amp;link_code=btl&amp;camp=213689&amp;creative=392969"&gt;&lt;i&gt;The Black Minutes&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=ssblog05-20&amp;l=btl&amp;camp=213689&amp;creative=392969&amp;o=1&amp;a=0802170684" width="1" height="1" border="0" alt="" style="border:none !important; margin:0px !important; padding: 0px !important" /&gt;. Algunos comparan esta novela de Solares con &lt;a target="_blank"  href="http://www.amazon.com/2666-Novel-Roberto-Bola%C3%B1o/dp/0312429215?ie=UTF8&amp;tag=ssblog05-20&amp;link_code=btl&amp;camp=213689&amp;creative=392969"&gt;&lt;i&gt;2666&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=ssblog05-20&amp;l=btl&amp;camp=213689&amp;creative=392969&amp;o=1&amp;a=0312429215" width="1" height="1" border="0" alt="" style="border:none !important; margin:0px !important; padding: 0px !important" /&gt; de Bolaño, aunque la conexión pudiera ser más bien Cormac MacCarthy (cuyo nombre evoca el de uno de los personajes de la novela de Solares), que según deducimos de una reseña que Bolaño hizo de una novela de McCarthy, &lt;a target="_blank"  href="http://www.amazon.com/Blood-Meridian-Evening-Redness-Paperback/dp/B002YIKXE4?ie=UTF8&amp;tag=ssblog05-20&amp;link_code=btl&amp;camp=213689&amp;creative=392969"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Blood Meridian&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=ssblog05-20&amp;l=btl&amp;camp=213689&amp;creative=392969&amp;o=1&amp;a=B002YIKXE4" width="1" height="1" border="0" alt="" style="border:none !important; margin:0px !important; padding: 0px !important" /&gt;, pudiera haber sido una de las fuentes de inspiración para &lt;i&gt;2666&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3414960952996672974-3751131786340927237?l=samuelsotillo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/feeds/3751131786340927237/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3414960952996672974&amp;postID=3751131786340927237' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/3751131786340927237'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/3751131786340927237'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/2010/06/amberes-por-bolano.html' title='Amberes por Bolaño'/><author><name>Samuel F. Sotillo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05537777895508725811</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='23' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/Sz5wwg8NUDI/AAAAAAAAAFk/Wv-1zeDTddA/S220/me+7b.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/TBMFN5gK5PI/AAAAAAAAAIM/d7gDnk1xDPA/s72-c/child_e.gif' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3414960952996672974.post-3088971348318715919</id><published>2010-06-09T19:08:00.008-04:00</published><updated>2010-06-12T00:14:13.551-04:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Borges'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='politica'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Argentina'/><title type='text'>Borges, indescifrable</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/TBAZhZMeWTI/AAAAAAAAAH0/2k4bPloQIUk/s1600/Ratti-Videla-Sabato-Borges-Castellani.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="242" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/TBAZhZMeWTI/AAAAAAAAAH0/2k4bPloQIUk/s320/Ratti-Videla-Sabato-Borges-Castellani.jpg" width="320" Title="Ratti, Videla, Sabato, Borges y Castellani"/&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/TBAi1Hp0XII/AAAAAAAAAH8/9PI97RLzo7w/s1600/child_e.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 0em; margin-right: .3em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/TBAi1Hp0XII/AAAAAAAAAH8/9PI97RLzo7w/s200/child_e.gif" height="80" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;ncontré esta foto de Borges con &lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorge_Videla"&gt;Jorge Videla&lt;/a&gt;, el dictador argentino, en Wikipedia. Borges está junto a &lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabato"&gt;Sábato&lt;/a&gt;, Ratti y &lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_Castellani"&gt;Leonardo Castellani&lt;/a&gt;. Da tristeza ver a Borges y a Sábato en tan malas compañías.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3414960952996672974-3088971348318715919?l=samuelsotillo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/feeds/3088971348318715919/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3414960952996672974&amp;postID=3088971348318715919' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/3088971348318715919'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/3088971348318715919'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/2010/06/borges-indescifrable.html' title='Borges, indescifrable'/><author><name>Samuel F. Sotillo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05537777895508725811</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='23' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/Sz5wwg8NUDI/AAAAAAAAAFk/Wv-1zeDTddA/S220/me+7b.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/TBAZhZMeWTI/AAAAAAAAAH0/2k4bPloQIUk/s72-c/Ratti-Videla-Sabato-Borges-Castellani.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3414960952996672974.post-4467292415016818965</id><published>2010-06-08T12:23:00.002-04:00</published><updated>2010-06-09T19:30:37.522-04:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Premio Rómulo Gallegos'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='venezuela'/><title type='text'>Papelón en Caracas</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/TBAjhg9MppI/AAAAAAAAAIE/DCKosJ8Z140/s1600/child_l.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 0em; margin-right: .3em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/TBAjhg9MppI/AAAAAAAAAIE/DCKosJ8Z140/s320/child_l.gif" height="80" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;a revista electrónica Prodavinci &lt;a href="http://prodavinci.com/2010/06/07/%E2%80%9Ci%E2%80%99m-running-this-place%E2%80%9D/?utm_source=feedburner&amp;amp;utm_medium=email&amp;amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+Prodavinci+%28Prodavinci%29"&gt;reporta&lt;/a&gt; el papelón que las autoridades culturales venezolanas acaban de hacer en Caracas, durante el &lt;a href="http://www.radiomundial.com.ve/yvke/noticia.php?t=458311"&gt;VII Festival Mundial de Poesía&lt;/a&gt;, en el que participaran algunos poetas destacados, particularmente, el poeta y Premio Nobel de literatura, el antillano &lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derek_Walcott"&gt;Derek Walcott&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Ya sabíamos de la fosa en la que había caído el &lt;a href="http://celarg.gob.ve/"&gt;Celarg&lt;/a&gt;, uno de los organizadores del evento, que se ha visto envuelto en toda clase de controversias desde hace años, muchas alrededor del &lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premio_R%C3%B3mulo_Gallegos"&gt;Premio Rómulo Gallegos de novela&lt;/a&gt; (por ejemplo, la &lt;a href="http://www.letraslibres.com/index.php?art=9109"&gt;controversia en el 2003 con Fernando Vallejo&lt;/a&gt; y el aparente &lt;a href="http://informe21.com/arte-espectaculos/premio-romulo-gallegos-se-otorga-caracas-polemica-presunto-sesgo-ideologico"&gt;impase&lt;/a&gt;, el año pasado, con la mexicana Elena Poniatowska, quien prefirió no asistir a la premiación). Ahora sucede esto con Walcott, otra raya más pa'un tigre, diríamos en buen criollo, para un tigre asediado por la mediocridad y la ineptitud.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3414960952996672974-4467292415016818965?l=samuelsotillo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/feeds/4467292415016818965/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3414960952996672974&amp;postID=4467292415016818965' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/4467292415016818965'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/4467292415016818965'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/2010/06/papelon-en-caracas.html' title='Papelón en Caracas'/><author><name>Samuel F. Sotillo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05537777895508725811</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='23' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/Sz5wwg8NUDI/AAAAAAAAAFk/Wv-1zeDTddA/S220/me+7b.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/TBAjhg9MppI/AAAAAAAAAIE/DCKosJ8Z140/s72-c/child_l.gif' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3414960952996672974.post-8032019368457429224</id><published>2010-05-30T12:57:00.002-04:00</published><updated>2010-06-18T19:45:17.341-04:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Garcilaso'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Juan Boscan'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Castiglione'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='polymath'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Renaissance'/><title type='text'>How to be a polymath...</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/TAKYj9ImsuI/AAAAAAAAAHs/i-10Qr_hQYE/s1600/THE_FIRST_BOOKE_html_m1f3c6233.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 0em; margin-right: .3em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="80" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/TAKYj9ImsuI/AAAAAAAAAHs/i-10Qr_hQYE/s200/THE_FIRST_BOOKE_html_m1f3c6233.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;found this interesting &lt;a href="http://www.martinfrost.ws/htmlfiles/Polymath.html"&gt;page&lt;/a&gt; with some advice on how to become a polymath. There are also links to &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldassare_Castiglione"&gt;Baldassare Castiglione&lt;/a&gt;'s &lt;a href="http://www.amazon.com/Cortegiano-Italian-Carlo-Baudi-Vesme/dp/1143713354?ie=UTF8&amp;amp;tag=ssblog05-20&amp;amp;link_code=btl&amp;amp;camp=213689&amp;amp;creative=392969" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Il Cortegiano&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="http://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=ssblog05-20&amp;amp;l=btl&amp;amp;camp=213689&amp;amp;creative=392969&amp;amp;o=1&amp;amp;a=1143713354" style="border: medium none ! important; margin: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important;" width="1" /&gt; - a Renaissance self-help manual that introduced the idea of the &lt;i&gt;Renaissance Man&lt;/i&gt; or &lt;i&gt;uomo universale&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Castiglione was an Italian courtier and diplomat - and one of the last Italian Renaissance Humanists - who spent sometime in the Spanish court of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"&gt;Charles V&lt;/a&gt;, Holy Roman Emperor. There, he probably met with Spain's greatest Renaissance Man, poet and soldier &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garcilaso"&gt;Garcilaso de la Vega&lt;/a&gt;. Garcilaso was a friend of Castiglione's Spanish translator, Catalonian poet &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Bosc%C3%A1n_Almog%C3%A1ver"&gt;Juan Boscán Almogáver&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3414960952996672974-8032019368457429224?l=samuelsotillo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/feeds/8032019368457429224/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3414960952996672974&amp;postID=8032019368457429224' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/8032019368457429224'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/8032019368457429224'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/2010/05/how-to-be-polymath.html' title='How to be a polymath...'/><author><name>Samuel F. Sotillo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05537777895508725811</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='23' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/Sz5wwg8NUDI/AAAAAAAAAFk/Wv-1zeDTddA/S220/me+7b.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/TAKYj9ImsuI/AAAAAAAAAHs/i-10Qr_hQYE/s72-c/THE_FIRST_BOOKE_html_m1f3c6233.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3414960952996672974.post-1616172530228067119</id><published>2010-05-30T01:01:00.007-04:00</published><updated>2010-05-31T11:31:11.392-04:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='complexity'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='chaos'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='nonlinear dynamics'/><title type='text'>Una breve introducción a los sistemas dinámicos caóticos (I): Curvas logísticas.</title><content type='html'>Un sistema dinámico es un conjunto de funciones que definen el comportamiento de cierto fenómeno en el tiempo; es decir, un conjunto de funciones que gobiernan la manera como las variables que describen dicho fenómeno cambian con el tiempo.&lt;br /&gt;Los sistemas dinámicos suelen definirse en términos de sus leyes o ecuaciones. Por ejemplo, el movimiento de una bala de cañón se describe en términos de un sistema dinámico que se expresa o modela con la ecuación &lt;i&gt;y&lt;/i&gt; = &lt;i&gt;x&lt;/i&gt; tan(&lt;i&gt;θ&lt;/i&gt;) − &lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;/&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; &lt;i style="font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"&gt;g&lt;/i&gt; (&lt;sup&gt;x&lt;/sup&gt;/&lt;sub&gt;&lt;i&gt;v&lt;/i&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (&lt;a name="eq1"&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;), donde &lt;i&gt;y&lt;/i&gt; es la altura,&lt;i&gt; x&lt;/i&gt; es la posición horizontal, &lt;i style="font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"&gt;g&lt;/i&gt; es una constante que depende de la &lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intensidad_de_la_gravedad" target="_blank"&gt;gravedad terrestre&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;i&gt;θ&lt;/i&gt; es el ángulo de lanzamiento y &lt;i&gt;v&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt; es la velocidad inicial de la bala. Esta ecuación define una trayectoria &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parabola"&gt;parabólica&lt;/a&gt; como la que se muestra en la figura siguiente: &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/TAGwC_yTDhI/AAAAAAAAAG0/y63n2b-tB58/s1600/Tir_parab%C3%B2lic.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="200" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/TAGwC_yTDhI/AAAAAAAAAG0/y63n2b-tB58/s200/Tir_parab%C3%B2lic.png" title="Trayectoria de una bala" width="200" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Este tipo de movimiento fue descrito inicialmente por &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" target="_blank"&gt;Galileo Galilei&lt;/a&gt; y, más tarde, y de manera más rigurosa, por &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton" target="_blank"&gt;Isaac Newton&lt;/a&gt;. Una característica fundamental de algunos sistemas dinámicos es su predictibilidad. La misma inspiró al astrónomo francés &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Simon_Laplace" target="_blank"&gt;Pierre-Simon de Laplace&lt;/a&gt;, quien en una ocasión dijo:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;Nous pouvons considérer l’état actuel de l’univers comme l’effet de son  passé et la cause de son futur. Une intelligence qui à un instant  déterminé devrait connaître toutes les forces qui mettent en mouvement  la nature, et toutes les positions de tous les objets dont la nature est  composée, si cette intelligence fut en outre suffisamment ample pour  soumettre ces données à analyse, celle-ci renfermerait dans une unique  formule les mouvements des corps plus grands de l’univers et des atomes  les plus petits&amp;nbsp;; pour une telle intelligence nul serait incertain et le  propre futur comme le passé serait évident à ses yeux.&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Más tarde, algunos llamarían a la inteligencia descrita por Laplace ("Une intelligence qui à un instant  déterminé devrait connaître toutes les forces qui mettent en mouvement  la nature, et toutes les positions de tous les objets dont la nature est  composée") como el &lt;a href="http://www.stsci.edu/%7Elbradley/seminar/laplace.html" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;i&gt;demonio de Laplace&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Un sistema dinámico queda, por tanto, determinado por los valores que sus variables tienen en un momento determinado. Ese conjunto de valores se denomina, a su vez, el &lt;i&gt;estado&lt;/i&gt; del sistema. Normalmente, los sistemas se describen de manera &lt;i&gt;discreta&lt;/i&gt;, lo que facilita el uso de computadores. La palabra discreta se refiere al hecho de que los valores de las variables del sistema se restringen a números enteros (1, 2, 3, 4, etc.). En sistemas como el de la bala de cañón, la relación entre la entrada y la salida es - dentro de un rango amplio de valores - uno-a-uno (para un conjunto de valores de entrada tenemos una posición o altura única). Por lo general, a los sistemas uno-a-uno se les llama &lt;i&gt;determinísticos&lt;/i&gt;. Si la relación es de uno-a-muchos (un conjunto de valores de entrada produce un conjunto posible de valores de salida), entonces se les llama &lt;i&gt;estocásticos&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ahora bien, los sistemas determinísticos pueden ser &lt;i&gt;lineales &lt;/i&gt;o &lt;i&gt;no-lineale&lt;/i&gt;s. A continuación discutimos un ejemplo de un sistema dinámico determinístico no-lineal. Nos referimos a la &lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funci%C3%B3n_log%C3%ADstica" target="_blank"&gt;curva de logística&lt;/a&gt; o función de  &lt;a href="http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/biography/Verhulst.html" target="_blank"&gt;Verhulst&lt;/a&gt;. Esta función la desarrolló el matemático francés Pierre-François Verhulst para describir un crecimiento auto-limitado de población, tal y como los que describiera el economista &lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Malthus" target="_blank"&gt;Thomas Malthus&lt;/a&gt; en su famoso estudio sobre la sobre-población.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Una aproximación (discreta) a la función de Verhulst es la siguiente:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;x&lt;sub&gt;t+1&lt;/sub&gt; = &lt;i style="font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"&gt;R&lt;/i&gt; x&lt;sub&gt;t&lt;/sub&gt; (1 - x&lt;sub&gt;t&lt;/sub&gt;) (&lt;a name="eq2"&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;La ecuación nos da la población en un momento futuro (x&lt;sub&gt;t+1&lt;/sub&gt;) dada la población actual (x&lt;sub&gt;t&lt;/sub&gt;) y la &lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacidad_de_persistencia" target="_blank"&gt;capacidad de persistencia&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i style="font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"&gt;R&lt;/i&gt; de dicha población. Usando una hoja de cálculo, creamos una tabla partiendo de los valores iniciales siguientes:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;x&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt; = 0.2&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i style="font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"&gt;R&lt;/i&gt; = 2&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Usando estos valores y la ecuación (&lt;a href="#eq2"&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;) se obtiene la siguiente tabla:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 126px;"&gt;&lt;col style="width: 47pt;" width="62"&gt;&lt;/col&gt;  &lt;col style="width: 48pt;" width="64"&gt;&lt;/col&gt;  &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr height="20" style="height: 15pt;"&gt;   &lt;td class="xl64" height="20" style="height: 15pt; text-align: center; width: 47pt;" width="62"&gt;&lt;b&gt;t&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td class="xl64" style="text-align: center; width: 48pt;" width="64"&gt;&lt;b&gt;X(t)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr height="20" style="height: 15pt;"&gt;   &lt;td class="xl63" height="20" style="height: 15pt; text-align: center;"&gt;0&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td align="right"&gt;0.2&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr height="20" style="height: 15pt;"&gt;   &lt;td class="xl63" height="20" style="height: 15pt; text-align: center;"&gt;1&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td align="right"&gt;0.32&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr height="20" style="height: 15pt;"&gt;   &lt;td class="xl63" height="20" style="height: 15pt; text-align: center;"&gt;2&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td align="right"&gt;0.4352&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr height="20" style="height: 15pt;"&gt;   &lt;td class="xl63" height="20" style="height: 15pt; text-align: center;"&gt;3&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td align="right"&gt;0.491602&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr height="20" style="height: 15pt;"&gt;   &lt;td class="xl63" height="20" style="height: 15pt; text-align: center;"&gt;4&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td align="right"&gt;0.499859&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr height="20" style="height: 15pt;"&gt;   &lt;td class="xl63" height="20" style="height: 15pt; text-align: center;"&gt;5&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td align="right"&gt;0.5&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr height="20" style="height: 15pt;"&gt;   &lt;td class="xl63" height="20" style="height: 15pt; text-align: center;"&gt;6&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td align="right"&gt;0.5&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr height="20" style="height: 15pt;"&gt;   &lt;td class="xl63" height="20" style="height: 15pt; text-align: center;"&gt;7&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td align="right"&gt;0.5&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr height="20" style="height: 15pt;"&gt;   &lt;td class="xl63" height="20" style="height: 15pt; text-align: center;"&gt;8&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td align="right"&gt;0.5&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr height="20" style="height: 15pt;"&gt;   &lt;td class="xl63" height="20" style="height: 15pt; text-align: center;"&gt;9&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td align="right"&gt;0.5&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr height="20" style="height: 15pt;"&gt;   &lt;td class="xl63" height="20" style="height: 15pt; text-align: center;"&gt;10&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td align="right"&gt;0.5&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Para ilustrar mejor el comportamiento de este sistema, a continuación mostramos una gráfica que ilustra la manera como el sistema evoluciona desde su posición inicial (t&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt;) hasta la décima iteración (t&lt;sub&gt;10&lt;/sub&gt;) [&lt;b&gt;Nota&lt;/b&gt;: las gráficas fueron hechas con una hoja de cálculo].&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/TAHgU_pOmQI/AAAAAAAAAG8/ibZqp5LY48g/s1600/fig1.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="233" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/TAHgU_pOmQI/AAAAAAAAAG8/ibZqp5LY48g/s320/fig1.png" width="320" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Como puede verse, el sistema es &lt;i&gt;determinístico&lt;/i&gt;. Con x&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt; = 0.2 y &lt;i style="font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"&gt;R&lt;/i&gt; = 2, la población va a tender hacia un &lt;i&gt;punto fijo&lt;/i&gt; o &lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atractor" target="_blank"&gt;atractor&lt;/a&gt; en 0.5. Si mantenemos el mismo valor inicial de x&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt; pero cambiamos &lt;i style="font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"&gt;R&lt;/i&gt; a 3.2, entonces obtenemos la gráfica siguiente:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/TAHhjjab6XI/AAAAAAAAAHE/OH2ZPIMMeQw/s1600/fig2.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="233" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/TAHhjjab6XI/AAAAAAAAAHE/OH2ZPIMMeQw/s320/fig2.png" width="320" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;La curva es similar sólo que esta vez el sistema tiende a oscilar entre 2 valores (0.6 y 0.8) o atractores. Si aumentamos &lt;i style="font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"&gt;R&lt;/i&gt; a 3.51, el sistema cambia de nuevo y ahora tiende a oscilar entre 8 valores (atractores), tal y como vemos en la siguiente figura:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/TAHjSrDMC1I/AAAAAAAAAHM/-FaKKywkw34/s1600/fig3.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="233" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/TAHjSrDMC1I/AAAAAAAAAHM/-FaKKywkw34/s320/fig3.png" width="320" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Nótese que, a pesar de la diferencia de comportamiento, el sistema sigue siendo &lt;i&gt;determinístico &lt;/i&gt;ya que si cambiamos x&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt; = 0.2 a x&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt; = 0.20001, la curva sigue oscilando entre 8 valores, aun cuando no sean los mismos. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ahora bien, para valores de &lt;i style="font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"&gt;R&lt;/i&gt; mayores a 3.57, el sistema sigue siendo determinístico pero pareciera carecer de regularidad, tal como puede verse en la siguiente figura (&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"&gt;R&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/i&gt;= 3.599987):&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/TAHkcLDTbeI/AAAAAAAAAHU/KRwPek9P6ac/s1600/fig4.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="233" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/TAHkcLDTbeI/AAAAAAAAAHU/KRwPek9P6ac/s320/fig4.png" width="320" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Si hacemos &lt;i style="font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"&gt;R&lt;/i&gt; = 4, el sistema todavía sigue siendo determinístico pero el número de atractores es aun más difícil de determinar (en todo caso, tiene &lt;i&gt;N&lt;/i&gt; &amp;gt; 1-atractores): &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/TAHk8gIQqTI/AAAAAAAAAHc/ALotdmgGA3U/s1600/fig5.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/TAHk8gIQqTI/AAAAAAAAAHc/ALotdmgGA3U/s320/fig5.png" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Igualmente, conviene añadir que en este punto el sistema se hace super-sensible al más pequeño cambio en su valor inicial; por ejemplo, si hacemos x&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt; = 0.200001 el comportamiento del sistema es muy diferente a cuando x&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt; = 0.2. La siguiente gráfica muestra el comportamiento del sistema con&lt;i&gt; &lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"&gt;R&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt; = 4 y x&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt; = 0.200001 (comparar con anterior):&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/TAHzrseEpBI/AAAAAAAAAHk/ehcurE1CVxQ/s1600/fig6.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="233" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/TAHzrseEpBI/AAAAAAAAAHk/ehcurE1CVxQ/s320/fig6.png" width="320" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;Nótese que, no obstante, el número de atractores (&lt;i&gt;N&lt;/i&gt;) sigue siendo calculable, aun cuando su número crezca &lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponencial" target="_blank"&gt;exponencialmente&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;La diferencia fundamental entre el primer ejemplo (&lt;i&gt;N &lt;/i&gt;= 1-atractor) y el último (&lt;i&gt;N&lt;/i&gt; &amp;gt;1-atractores) es que en el primer caso los valores para cada atractor se comportan de manera relativamente estable (siempre es 0.5 en el primer caso), mientras que en el caso de &lt;i style="font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"&gt;R&lt;/i&gt; cerca de 3.57 esos valores se hacen más bien inestables (o &lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atractor#Atractor_extra.C3.B1o" target="_blank"&gt;extraños&lt;/a&gt;), muy similar a un sistema de comportamiento al azar (&lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruido_%28f%C3%ADsica%29" target="_blank"&gt;ruido&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Para concluir esta primera entrega, las gráficas anteriores sirven para ilustrar las dos características fundamentales que distinguen a los sistemas dinámicos no-lineales o caóticos:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ol&gt;&lt;li&gt;Una vez que el sistema está en su estado caótico, su comportamiento es casi indistinguible del ruido (total caos).&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Igualmente, en ese estado, el sistema es en extremo sensible a las condiciones iniciales (&lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efecto_mariposa" target="_blank"&gt;efecto mariposa&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;b&gt;Aclaratoria&lt;/b&gt;: estas notas las escribo con el objeto de internalizar lecturas sobre el tema, así como para compartir algunas ideas sobre el mismo con otras personas interesadas en estos fenómenos tan fascinantes.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;Bibliografía&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Kauffman, Stuart. &lt;a href="http://www.amazon.com/At-Home-Universe-Self-Organization-Complexity/dp/0195111303?ie=UTF8&amp;amp;tag=ssblog05-20&amp;amp;link_code=btl&amp;amp;camp=213689&amp;amp;creative=392969" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;i&gt;At Home in the Universe: The Search for the Laws of Self-Organization and Complexity&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="http://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=ssblog05-20&amp;amp;l=btl&amp;amp;camp=213689&amp;amp;creative=392969&amp;amp;o=1&amp;amp;a=0195111303" style="border: medium none ! important; margin: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important;" width="1" /&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;Mitchell, Melanie. &lt;a href="http://www.amazon.com/Complexity-Guided-Tour-Melanie-Mitchell/dp/0195124413?ie=UTF8&amp;amp;tag=ssblog05-20&amp;amp;link_code=btl&amp;amp;camp=213689&amp;amp;creative=392969" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Complexity: A Guided Tour&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="http://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=ssblog05-20&amp;amp;l=btl&amp;amp;camp=213689&amp;amp;creative=392969&amp;amp;o=1&amp;amp;a=0195124413" style="border: medium none ! important; margin: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important;" width="1" /&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;Waldrop, M. Mitchell.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.amazon.com/Complexity-Emerging-Science-Order-Chaos/dp/0671872346?ie=UTF8&amp;amp;tag=ssblog05-20&amp;amp;link_code=btl&amp;amp;camp=213689&amp;amp;creative=392969" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Complexity: The Emerging Science at the Edge of Order and Chaos&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="http://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=ssblog05-20&amp;amp;l=btl&amp;amp;camp=213689&amp;amp;creative=392969&amp;amp;o=1&amp;amp;a=0671872346" style="border: medium none ! important; margin: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important;" width="1" /&gt;.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3414960952996672974-1616172530228067119?l=samuelsotillo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/feeds/1616172530228067119/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3414960952996672974&amp;postID=1616172530228067119' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/1616172530228067119'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/1616172530228067119'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/2010/05/una-breve-introduccion-los-sistemas.html' title='Una breve introducción a los sistemas dinámicos caóticos (I): Curvas logísticas.'/><author><name>Samuel F. Sotillo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05537777895508725811</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='23' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/Sz5wwg8NUDI/AAAAAAAAAFk/Wv-1zeDTddA/S220/me+7b.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/TAGwC_yTDhI/AAAAAAAAAG0/y63n2b-tB58/s72-c/Tir_parab%C3%B2lic.png' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3414960952996672974.post-2396971109108822064</id><published>2010-05-25T20:01:00.000-04:00</published><updated>2010-05-25T20:06:40.574-04:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Arizona'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='racism'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='conservatism'/><title type='text'>It's racism stupid!</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://rawstory.com/rs/2010/0524/arizona-cracks-teachers-accents/"&gt;News that Arizona's teachers are being harassed because of their accent&lt;/a&gt; and that &lt;a href="http://www.blogger.com/"&gt;Cultural Studies will be banned from schools&lt;/a&gt; demonstrate the true sentiment behind this whole affair in Arizona - simply put: &lt;i&gt;it's racism stupid!&lt;/i&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3414960952996672974-2396971109108822064?l=samuelsotillo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/feeds/2396971109108822064/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3414960952996672974&amp;postID=2396971109108822064' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/2396971109108822064'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/2396971109108822064'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/2010/05/its-racism-stupid.html' title='It&apos;s racism stupid!'/><author><name>Samuel F. Sotillo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05537777895508725811</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='23' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/Sz5wwg8NUDI/AAAAAAAAAFk/Wv-1zeDTddA/S220/me+7b.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3414960952996672974.post-6673398806808009801</id><published>2010-05-24T22:56:00.000-04:00</published><updated>2010-05-24T22:59:01.452-04:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='news'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='mathematics'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='polymath'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='science'/><title type='text'>Polymath Martin Gardner dead at 95</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Gardner"&gt;Martin Gardner&lt;/a&gt;, polymath and science writer, who wrote &lt;a href="http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=profile-of-martin-gardner"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Scientific American&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;'s column &lt;a target="_blank"  href="http://www.amazon.com/Martin-Gardners-Mathematical-Games-Gardner/dp/0883855453?ie=UTF8&amp;tag=ssblog05-20&amp;link_code=btl&amp;camp=213689&amp;creative=392969"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Mathematical Games&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=ssblog05-20&amp;l=btl&amp;camp=213689&amp;creative=392969&amp;o=1&amp;a=0883855453" width="1" height="1" border="0" alt="" style="border:none !important; margin:0px !important; padding: 0px !important" /&gt; for a quarter of a century, died on May 22, 2010, at 95 in his home in Norman, Oklahoma. Fellow polymath Douglas Hofstadter &lt;a href="http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=martin-gardner-hofstadter"&gt;once wrote&lt;/a&gt; that Gardner was one of his life's "major shaping forces".&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Gardner used to live in Hendersonville, NC. Curiously, I used to pass by that town around 2001, on my way to the &lt;a href="http://www.pari.edu/"&gt;Pisgah Astronomical Research Institute&lt;/a&gt; - at the time I was helping out as a volunteer. It seems he moved back to Oklahoma in 2002.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3414960952996672974-6673398806808009801?l=samuelsotillo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/feeds/6673398806808009801/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3414960952996672974&amp;postID=6673398806808009801' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/6673398806808009801'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/6673398806808009801'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/2010/05/polymath-martin-gardner-dead-at-95.html' title='Polymath Martin Gardner dead at 95'/><author><name>Samuel F. Sotillo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05537777895508725811</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='23' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/Sz5wwg8NUDI/AAAAAAAAAFk/Wv-1zeDTddA/S220/me+7b.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3414960952996672974.post-3606319927188144307</id><published>2010-05-22T21:37:00.000-04:00</published><updated>2010-05-22T21:42:14.649-04:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='politica'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Rand Paul'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='libertarianism'/><title type='text'>More on Rand Paul's Libertarianism</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/S_iHROnUhSI/AAAAAAAAAGk/DmUKUBrxwSE/s1600/521px-YourCountryNeedsYou.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/S_iHROnUhSI/AAAAAAAAAGk/DmUKUBrxwSE/s320/521px-YourCountryNeedsYou.jpg" width="120px"/&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;In a &lt;a href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/robert-slayton/libertarians_b_586096.html"&gt;recent&lt;/a&gt; post, Chapman University's professor &lt;a href="http://www.chapman.edu/wilkinson/history/faculty/slayton.asp"&gt;Robert Slayton&lt;/a&gt; says the following about Rand Paul's worldviews:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;So their dirty little secret is out. Libertarians are not really for the little guy, against structures that would grind down our individuality. They're really just right-wingers, pro-business and anti government, the only institution with the power to limit large corporations when they commit abuses. Rand Paul is sincere, but in his blindness and dogmatism, he becomes a shill for big business, not the champion of citizen's rights he claims to be. &lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;I agree. American Libertarianism has become an umbrella term for hard-core pro-business conservatives. They don't like &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Brother_%28Nineteen_Eighty-Four%29"&gt;big brother&lt;/a&gt; as long as it's a public entity but on the other hand they don't mind a private, for-profit version of it.&lt;p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3414960952996672974-3606319927188144307?l=samuelsotillo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/feeds/3606319927188144307/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3414960952996672974&amp;postID=3606319927188144307' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/3606319927188144307'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/3606319927188144307'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/2010/05/more-on-rand-pauls-libertarianism.html' title='More on Rand Paul&apos;s Libertarianism'/><author><name>Samuel F. Sotillo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05537777895508725811</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='23' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/Sz5wwg8NUDI/AAAAAAAAAFk/Wv-1zeDTddA/S220/me+7b.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/S_iHROnUhSI/AAAAAAAAAGk/DmUKUBrxwSE/s72-c/521px-YourCountryNeedsYou.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3414960952996672974.post-4896085565904220565</id><published>2010-05-21T09:47:00.000-04:00</published><updated>2010-05-24T23:03:40.138-04:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='politica'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Rand Paul'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='epistemic closure'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='libertarianism'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='racism'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='conservatism'/><title type='text'>Rand Paul's Domino ergo sum (I own therefore I am)</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;A few days ago, Tea Party's favorite son and Kentucky GOP Senate candidate Rand Paul gave an interview to &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel_Maddow"&gt;Rachel Maddow&lt;/a&gt; about his position on the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964"&gt;Civil Rights Act of 1964&lt;/a&gt;. The full interview follows.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;object width="420" height="245" id="msnbc182c09" classid="clsid:D27CDB6E-AE6D-11cf-96B8-444553540000" codebase="http://download.macromedia.com/pub/shockwave/cabs/flash/swflash.cab#version=10,0,0,0"&gt;&lt;param name="movie" value="http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/32545640" /&gt;&lt;param name="FlashVars" value="launch=37244354&amp;amp;width=420&amp;amp;height=245" /&gt;&lt;param name="allowScriptAccess" value="always" /&gt;&lt;param name="allowFullScreen" value="true" /&gt;&lt;param name="wmode" value="opaque" /&gt;&lt;embed name="msnbc182c09" src="http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/32545640" width="420" height="245" FlashVars="launch=37244354&amp;amp;width=420&amp;amp;height=245" allowscriptaccess="always" allowFullScreen="true" wmode="opaque" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" pluginspage="http://www.adobe.com/shockwave/download/download.cgi?P1_Prod_Version=ShockwaveFlash"&gt;&lt;/embed&gt;&lt;/object&gt;&lt;p style="font-size:11px; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; color: #999; margin-top: 5px; background: transparent; text-align: center; width: 420px;"&gt;Visit msnbc.com for &lt;a style="text-decoration:none !important; border-bottom: 1px dotted #999 !important; font-weight:normal !important; height: 13px; color:#5799DB !important;" href="http://www.msnbc.msn.com"&gt;breaking news&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/3032507" style="text-decoration:none !important; border-bottom: 1px dotted #999 !important; font-weight:normal !important; height: 13px; color:#5799DB !important;"&gt;world news&lt;/a&gt;, and &lt;a href="http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/3032072" style="text-decoration:none !important; border-bottom: 1px dotted #999 !important; font-weight:normal !important; height: 13px; color:#5799DB !important;"&gt;news about the economy&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;One thing worries me the most about Paul's answers. I mean, his insistence on comparing gun-owners with segregated minorities. Paul is unable to understand the difference between people who &lt;b&gt;own&lt;/b&gt; something and people who &lt;b&gt;are&lt;/b&gt;, period. What restaurants' owners did in the past was to discriminate against what people &lt;b&gt;were&lt;/b&gt; not what people &lt;b&gt;owned&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The fact is that there is a big difference between asking someone to wear a jacket because a restaurant has a specific dress code and asking someone to be a different &lt;i&gt;being&lt;/i&gt; (or to leave) just because the restaurant's owner happens not to like what you are. It's sad that Paul himself is unable to see that basic distinction. To him, everything is private ownership and the rights of &lt;b&gt;owners&lt;/b&gt; - a major commandment on the catechism of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarianism"&gt;American Libertarians&lt;/a&gt;. Paraphrasing &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cogito_ergo_sum"&gt;Descartes' famous saying&lt;/a&gt;, it's more like &lt;i&gt;Domino ergo sum&lt;/i&gt; - I own therefore I am.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Paul's position takes us back to the &lt;a href="http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/2010/04/on-epistemic-closure-and-other-maladies.html"&gt;discussion&lt;/a&gt; about &lt;i&gt;epistemic closure&lt;/i&gt; we mentioned a few weeks ago. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3414960952996672974-4896085565904220565?l=samuelsotillo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/feeds/4896085565904220565/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3414960952996672974&amp;postID=4896085565904220565' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/4896085565904220565'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/4896085565904220565'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/2010/05/rand-pauls-domino-ergo-sum-i-own.html' title='Rand Paul&apos;s Domino ergo sum (I own therefore I am)'/><author><name>Samuel F. Sotillo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05537777895508725811</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='23' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/Sz5wwg8NUDI/AAAAAAAAAFk/Wv-1zeDTddA/S220/me+7b.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3414960952996672974.post-3650583681555319961</id><published>2010-05-17T10:51:00.000-04:00</published><updated>2010-05-17T10:57:10.685-04:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Telenovela'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Cabrujas'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='entrevistas'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Televisión'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='venezuela'/><title type='text'>Entrevista inédita a Cabrujas</title><content type='html'>&lt;blockquote&gt;Una telenovela sirve para lo que puede servir cualquier obra de carácter literario: para provocar la imagen que tiene el ser humano de sí mismo; una sociedad de sí misma - José Ignacio Cabrujas&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ignacio_Cabrujas"&gt;José Ignacio Cabrujas&lt;/a&gt; fue, quizás, el más grande dramaturgo de finales del siglo XX en Venezuela. Con cierto tono &lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht"&gt;brechtiano&lt;/a&gt;, con piezas como &lt;i&gt;El día que me quieras&lt;/i&gt; y su adaptación de &lt;i&gt;Otelo&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;Sonny&lt;/i&gt;, Cabruja nos entretuvo e hizo reflexionar a todos por casi tres décadas, hasta su lamentable muerte en el '95.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Sin embargo, fue con la televisión, a través de ese género único y tan latinoamericano que es la telenovela o, por cariño, el "culebrón", como Cabrujas penetró en los corazones y la conciencia de los venezolanos. Telenovelas como &lt;i&gt;La Fiera&lt;/i&gt; (la original con la gran &lt;a href="http://fundacion-telijic.blogspot.com/2008/05/la-seora-de-la-actuacin.html"&gt;Doris Wells&lt;/a&gt;), inspirada en otra obra de Shakespeare (&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_fierecilla_domada"&gt;La fierecilla domada&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;), o &lt;i&gt;la Señora de Cárdenas&lt;/i&gt; (que fue la primera vez que se trató el tema del divorcio y la infidelidad en toda su dimensión social y cultural), siguen siendo referencias inolvidables de mi niñez, cuando en un hogar poblado por féminas, la novela de las 9 era un acto sacramental del que nadie podía eludirse. Hoy día creo que mi pasión por la ópera tiene sus orígenes en esas noches inolvidables en las que acompañaba a mi madre, a mi abuela, a mis hermanas y a mis tías, en su rutina diaria frente a esa caja de madera con su enorme tubo de luces y sombras.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;En todo caso, el comentario viene porque la revista electrónica &lt;i&gt;Prodavinci &lt;/i&gt;acaba de publicar una &lt;a href="http://prodavinci.com/2010/05/16/jose-ignacio-cabrujas-la-muerte-de-la-telenovela/?utm_source=feedburner&amp;amp;utm_medium=email&amp;amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+Prodavinci+%28Prodavinci%29"&gt;entrevista casi inédita&lt;/a&gt; que el periodista y profesor universitario Nelson H. Ortega le hiciera a Cabrujas poco antes de morir. La entrevista se enfoca más que nada en Cabrujas el escritor de telenovelas y, por lo tanto, constituye un testimonio único en defensa de un género cuyo valor y trascendencia aún no han sido debidamente apreciados en Latinoamérica, y en el que Cabrujas fue, sin la menor duda, uno de sus más destacados creadores.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3414960952996672974-3650583681555319961?l=samuelsotillo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/feeds/3650583681555319961/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3414960952996672974&amp;postID=3650583681555319961' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/3650583681555319961'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/3650583681555319961'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/2010/05/entrevista-inedita-cabrujas.html' title='Entrevista inédita a Cabrujas'/><author><name>Samuel F. Sotillo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05537777895508725811</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='23' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/Sz5wwg8NUDI/AAAAAAAAAFk/Wv-1zeDTddA/S220/me+7b.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3414960952996672974.post-3000714421607845721</id><published>2010-05-16T19:18:00.000-04:00</published><updated>2010-05-16T19:31:00.429-04:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Literatura'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Apocalypse'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Cormac McCarthy'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Humanism'/><title type='text'>Cormac McCarthy’s The Road</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;Last night, I finished reading Cormac McCarthy’s &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.amazon.com/Road-Cormac-McCarthy/dp/B001OV2GRE?ie=UTF8&amp;amp;tag=ssblog05-20&amp;amp;link_code=btl&amp;amp;camp=213689&amp;amp;creative=392969" target="_blank"&gt;The Road&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="http://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=ssblog05-20&amp;amp;l=btl&amp;amp;camp=213689&amp;amp;creative=392969&amp;amp;o=1&amp;amp;a=B001OV2GRE" style="border: medium none ! important; margin: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important;" width="1" /&gt; (&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.amazon.com/carretera-Vintage-Espanol-Spanish/dp/0307473252?ie=UTF8&amp;amp;tag=ssblog05-20&amp;amp;link_code=btl&amp;amp;camp=213689&amp;amp;creative=392969" target="_blank"&gt;La carretera&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="http://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=ssblog05-20&amp;amp;l=btl&amp;amp;camp=213689&amp;amp;creative=392969&amp;amp;o=1&amp;amp;a=0307473252" style="border: medium none ! important; margin: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important;" width="1" /&gt; en español). I should start saying that it’s one of the best American novels I’ve read for a long time. The story is about a post- apocalyptic world in which a father and a son travel on a road among dead trees and empty buildings, in a landscape colored by death and despair. In an &lt;a href="http://www.oprah.com/oprahsbookclub/Oprahs-Exclusive-Interview-with-Cormac-McCarthy-Video"&gt;interview with Ophra&lt;/a&gt;, McCarthy explained that he got the idea for his book from a trip he did with his son to El Paso, Texas, some years ago.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.hostos.cuny.edu/oaa/eng/cgrindley.htm"&gt;Carl James Grindley&lt;/a&gt; has suggested that, in &lt;i&gt;The Road&lt;/i&gt;, McCarthy alludes to &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Butler_Yeats"&gt;William Butler Yeats&lt;/a&gt;' poem "The Second Coming" (first published in &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.amazon.com/Michael-Robartes-Dancer-W-Yeats/dp/0766179753?ie=UTF8&amp;amp;tag=ssblog05-20&amp;amp;link_code=btl&amp;amp;camp=213689&amp;amp;creative=392969" target="_blank"&gt;Michael Robartes and The Dancer&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="http://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=ssblog05-20&amp;amp;l=btl&amp;amp;camp=213689&amp;amp;creative=392969&amp;amp;o=1&amp;amp;a=0766179753" style="border: medium none ! important; margin: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important;" width="1" /&gt;&lt;/i&gt;). Yeats wrote his &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Second_Coming_%28poem%29"&gt;poem&lt;/a&gt; in the aftermath of WWI - therefore describing a world in ruins where "The best lack all conviction, while the worst / Are full of passionate intensity."&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Reading Yeats' poem we can't help agreeing with Grindley. However, I doubt &lt;span id="goog_550738195"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.blogger.com/"&gt;Santa Fe Institute&lt;span id="goog_550738196"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;'s enthusiast McCarthy was thinking all religion when writing his book (regardless of his &lt;a href="http://www.thecatholicthing.org/content/view/2562/41/"&gt;Catholic sensibility&lt;/a&gt;). It's true, Yeats' original uses a lot of Christian symbolism (he also was a Catholic) but his core is all but religious. In my view, the &lt;a href="http://www.yeatsvision.com/Gyraldus.html"&gt;core&lt;/a&gt; of Yeats and that of McCarthy, is pure &lt;i&gt;humanism&lt;/i&gt;, in all its dualistic splendor (in the Renaissance Neo-Platonic tradition, in which &lt;a href="http://www.jstor.org.www.lib.ncsu.edu:2048/stable/1290654?cookieSet=1"&gt;mind and body were in perfect harmony&lt;/a&gt;). I think that McCarthy belongs to a new generation of writers - Roberto Bolaño is another example - who write about men not as &lt;i&gt;hubris of history&lt;/i&gt; but as &lt;i&gt;homo humanus&lt;/i&gt; - beings whose &lt;i&gt;humanity &lt;/i&gt;doesn't come as a supernatural gift (from god or whatever) or as a product of the clash of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_and_superstructure"&gt;base and superstructure&lt;/a&gt;, but as an &lt;a href="http://www.newscientist.com/blogs/culturelab/2010/01/joe-penhall-humanity-after-apocalypse.php"&gt;immanent quality of being human&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3414960952996672974-3000714421607845721?l=samuelsotillo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/feeds/3000714421607845721/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3414960952996672974&amp;postID=3000714421607845721' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/3000714421607845721'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/3000714421607845721'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/2010/05/cormac-mccarthys-road.html' title='Cormac McCarthy’s The Road'/><author><name>Samuel F. Sotillo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05537777895508725811</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='23' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/Sz5wwg8NUDI/AAAAAAAAAFk/Wv-1zeDTddA/S220/me+7b.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3414960952996672974.post-1933850589843981383</id><published>2010-04-27T13:58:00.000-04:00</published><updated>2010-04-27T14:47:53.588-04:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='politica'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Julian Sanchez'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Matt Yglesias'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='philosophy'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='conservatism'/><title type='text'>Yglesias'  answer to Sanchez</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;Liberal blogger Matt Yglesias wrote a very &lt;a href="http://yglesias.thinkprogress.org/archives/2010/04/more-groups-less-groupthink.php"&gt;interesting answer&lt;/a&gt; to S&amp;aacute;nchez's piece on conservatism's "epistemic closure." Yglesias emphasizes - rightly so in my opinion - the fact that liberals currently have a less monolithic ecosystem than conservatives. He says:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;The left is simply less monolithic. It seems to me that if you look at the discourse among “green” types, you see groupthink there. And if you look at labor types, there’s another groupthink there. And there’s an immigrants’ rights groupthink and there’s feminist groupthink and all kinds of groupthink all around. But these points of view come into contact with one another and only partially overlap. At times they conflict. The progressive infrastructure contains people and institutions who are robustly on both sides of important questions like trade policy or K-12 education. Business groups are very involved with most Democratic Party politicians and with many progressives organizations (we have a “Business Alliance” at CAP). I think it would actually be beyond the intellectual powers of any one person to work all the sacred cows of all the different factions of the movement into a seamless and coherent whole. &lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;Therefore, the problem with conservatism seems more complicated, since &lt;i&gt;diversity&lt;/i&gt; has never worked well along with the idea of preserving the &lt;i&gt;status quo&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3414960952996672974-1933850589843981383?l=samuelsotillo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/feeds/1933850589843981383/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3414960952996672974&amp;postID=1933850589843981383' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/1933850589843981383'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/1933850589843981383'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/2010/04/yglesias-answer-to-sanchez.html' title='Yglesias&apos;  answer to Sanchez'/><author><name>Samuel F. Sotillo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05537777895508725811</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='23' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/Sz5wwg8NUDI/AAAAAAAAAFk/Wv-1zeDTddA/S220/me+7b.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3414960952996672974.post-2707857450314691620</id><published>2010-04-27T13:42:00.000-04:00</published><updated>2010-05-24T23:04:19.075-04:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Julian Sanchez'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='hustory'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='FOX News'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='epistemic closure'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='philosophy'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Internet'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='conservatism'/><title type='text'>On "epistemic closure" and other maladies of the Right</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;Libertarian blogger Julian S&amp;aacute;nchez recently posted a very interesting &lt;a href="http://www.juliansanchez.com/2010/04/07/epistemic-closure-technology-and-the-end-of-distance/"&gt;comment&lt;/a&gt; on the "systematic trend toward “&lt;a href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/closure-epistemic/"&gt;epistemic closure&lt;/a&gt;” in the modern conservative movement." Leaving aside some conceptual imprecisions - S&amp;aacute;nchez himself addresses them on &lt;a href="http://www.juliansanchez.com/2010/04/22/a-coda-on-closure/"&gt;another post&lt;/a&gt; - I should say that he does an excellent job discussing "the effects of technological change" on modern day conservatism.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Obviously, technology plays an important role on this issue. The &lt;a target="_blank"  href="http://www.amazon.com/Democratizing-Communication-Comparative-Perspectives-Information/dp/1572730641?ie=UTF8&amp;tag=ssblog05-20&amp;link_code=btl&amp;camp=213689&amp;creative=392969"&gt;democratizing effect of current media technologies&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=ssblog05-20&amp;l=btl&amp;camp=213689&amp;creative=392969&amp;o=1&amp;a=1572730641" width="1" height="1" border="0" alt="" style="border:none !important; margin:0px !important; padding: 0px !important" /&gt;, for instance, has the immediate result of allowing non-professional actors into a more disaggregated field. With &lt;i&gt;non-professional&lt;/i&gt; I don't mean less educated but less exposed to the disciplinary discourse that characterizes college-educated professional journalists - and here I look for parallelism with &lt;a href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/foucault/#3"&gt;Foucault's genetic criticism&lt;/a&gt; of the &lt;a target="_blank"  href="http://www.amazon.com/Discipline-Punish-Prison-Michel-Foucault/dp/0679752552?ie=UTF8&amp;tag=ssblog05-20&amp;link_code=btl&amp;camp=213689&amp;creative=392969"&gt;medical / psychiatric profession&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=ssblog05-20&amp;l=btl&amp;camp=213689&amp;creative=392969&amp;o=1&amp;a=0679752552" width="1" height="1" border="0" alt="" style="border:none !important; margin:0px !important; padding: 0px !important" /&gt; as &lt;i&gt;systems of thought&lt;/i&gt;. Today's journalists are less like &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_%28magazine%29"&gt;Time&lt;/a&gt;'s &lt;a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/25/books/review/Keller-t.html"&gt;Henry Luce&lt;/a&gt; and more like &lt;a href="http://www.salon.com/news/opinion/feature/2010/02/23/counterculture"&gt;Glenn Beck or Abby Hoffman&lt;/a&gt; - digital journalist Robert Niles actually &lt;a href="http://www.ojr.org/ojr/people/robert/201001/1810/"&gt;equates&lt;/a&gt; both professions, community organizing and modern day's journalism.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;On this issue of the democratization of the media, I agree with S&amp;aacute;nchez assessment that "there’s a lot of institutional and cultural capital built up in [traditional media] outlets, which at least produces a set of norms and practices that create pressure toward more fair and accurate reporting." Although Foucault's vision of &lt;i&gt;disciplinary institutions&lt;/i&gt; was rather negative - his favorite metaphor was Bentham's &lt;a target="_blank"  href="http://www.amazon.com/Panopticon-Writings-Wo-Es-War/dp/1859840833?ie=UTF8&amp;tag=ssblog05-20&amp;link_code=btl&amp;camp=213689&amp;creative=392969"&gt;panopticon&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=ssblog05-20&amp;l=btl&amp;camp=213689&amp;creative=392969&amp;o=1&amp;a=1859840833" width="1" height="1" border="0" alt="" style="border:none !important; margin:0px !important; padding: 0px !important" /&gt; -, the fact is that they play an important role - as S&amp;aacute;nchez recognizes - in producing those self-regulating &lt;i&gt;norms and practices&lt;/i&gt; so necessary to create stable institutions, as traditional journalism - with all its presumed and real liberal bias - is today. Then, the problem with conservative media outlets like Fox News is that they are trying to create an alternative "allegedly" non-biased media institution but not by providing a new set of &lt;i&gt;norms and practices&lt;/i&gt; that - as S&amp;aacute;nchez rightly points out - try to "to get it right" but by undermining those same &lt;i&gt;norms and practice&lt;/i&gt;s so necessary for their own viability, as alternative or whatever kind of &lt;i&gt;institutional media&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Curiously enough, the same ought to be said about conservative's &lt;a href="http://people-press.org/report/606/trust-in-government"&gt;distrust of government&lt;/a&gt;. And I mean that unhealthy irrational distrust that characterizes modern day Tea Party-ers as opposed to the at times helpful &lt;a href="http://www.weisbord.org/conquest10.htm"&gt;anarchist strain&lt;/a&gt; that has always permeated American politics.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;To conclude his post on "epistemic closure," S&amp;aacute;nchez puts forward a working hypothesis:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;So here’s a hypothesis: Epistemic closure is (in part) an attempt to compensate for the collapse of geographic closure. A function no longer effectively served by geographic segregation—because the digital equivalents of your local hangout are open to invasion by the hordes from New York and London—is being passed to media segregation, bolstered by the sudden demand that what was once tacit and given be explicitly defended.&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;He supports this &lt;i&gt;his&lt;/i&gt; hypothesis, in part, on a non-related &lt;a href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/04/05/constance-mcmillen-fake-p_n_525856.html"&gt;event&lt;/a&gt; concerning a young lesbian high school student from Fulton, Mississippi, who was banned from taking her same-sex girlfriend to the school's prom. The media covering of this was, as expected, &lt;i&gt;intense&lt;/i&gt;. On one side, some &lt;a href="http://perezhilton.com/2010-04-06-awful-constances-classmates-create-facebook-group-to-bully-her"&gt;liberals&lt;/a&gt; portrayed the small town people as "ignorant hillbillies" and/or "inbred rednecks." On the other side, conservatives portrayed the whole issue as an example of the attack on the &lt;a href="http://angrywhitedude.com/?p=3826"&gt;traditional values&lt;/a&gt; of this country. In any case, what S&amp;aacute;nchez gets from all this is the fact that conservatives seem to feel under siege because of the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deterritorialization"&gt;deterritorializing&lt;/a&gt; effect of modern communication technology. Therefore, their "epistemic closure" seems to function as a sort of defense mechanism against the fact that geographic segregation is not a viable strategy for geographically-based moral relativism. In other words, it seems that conservative's crisis is due in part to the fact that instances of bigotry cannot be justified anymore on the basis of geographic locality. (By the way, a similar case could be done on certain leftist postures in and outside America's politics.)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;If that is the case, the Tea Party movement could thus be inserted into a global trend against globalization and - particularly - against cultural hybridization and/or &lt;a href="http://seb1987322.blogspot.com/2009/04/transculturacion.html"&gt;transculturization&lt;/a&gt;. This, of course, plays well within the epistemic function (purpose) of conservatism - that is, to preserve their current beliefs, the &lt;i&gt;status quo&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;In a larger scale, conservative media do what they do - undermining institutional (liberal) journalism - not because they want to "get it right" - as S&amp;aacute;nchez rightly pointed out - but because they want to support their own &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essentialism"&gt;essentialist&lt;/a&gt; worldviews. They want to seize the destructive side of the globalizing/democratizing drive of modern information technologies, and they believe they will be able to control it, to limit its radius of destruction, in order to protect their own definition of &lt;i&gt;locality&lt;/i&gt; - culturally and geographically. Whether such a strategy based on "epistemic closure" will work or not, the most likely answer is: no, it won't! If history has taught us anything (as explained by &lt;a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernand_Braudel"&gt;Fernand Braudel&lt;/a&gt;), it is that cultural isolationism has never been a wining strategy to anything that lasts.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3414960952996672974-2707857450314691620?l=samuelsotillo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/feeds/2707857450314691620/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3414960952996672974&amp;postID=2707857450314691620' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/2707857450314691620'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/2707857450314691620'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/2010/04/on-epistemic-closure-and-other-maladies.html' title='On &quot;epistemic closure&quot; and other maladies of the Right'/><author><name>Samuel F. Sotillo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05537777895508725811</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='23' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/Sz5wwg8NUDI/AAAAAAAAAFk/Wv-1zeDTddA/S220/me+7b.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3414960952996672974.post-8430674662077006354</id><published>2010-04-22T10:40:00.000-04:00</published><updated>2010-04-22T10:40:32.286-04:00</updated><title type='text'>La culpa es de los pollos</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;En una &lt;a href="http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/culpa/pollos/curas/elpepuint/20100422elpepuint_7/Tes"&gt;pieza&lt;/a&gt; recientemente publicada en &lt;i&gt;El País&lt;/i&gt; de España, la articulista mejicana Gabriela Warkentin comenta unas declaraciones que el presidente boliviano Evo Morales hiciera en la llamada &lt;a href="http://cmpcc.org/"&gt;I Conferencia sobre el Cambio Climático y la Madre Tierra&lt;/a&gt;. Evo &lt;a href="http://24horas.cl/videos.aspx?id=68676"&gt;dijo&lt;/a&gt;, y cito textualmente:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;[C]uando hablamos del pollo, el pollo que comemos está cargado de hormonas femeninas, por eso los hombres cuando comen ese pollo tienen &lt;i&gt;desviaciones&lt;/i&gt; en su ser como hombre... [las itálicas son mías]&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;Sobre el particular, Warkentin dice con cierto dejo irónico:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;Ríamos para no llorar. O exijamos mejores dirigentes. O hagamos de nuestra vida pública una oscura y cínica comedia de situación propia de la posmoderna televisión estadounidense. Mientras esto escribo, un amigo me refiere por el Twitter: "pollos con hormonas causan homosexualidad (Evo); y ésta a su vez pederastia (Vaticano), 'tons los pollos y no los curas son culpables; ya 'stá." Y sí, ¡ya estuvo señores Cardenales! La culpa es de los pollos, no de los curas.&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;Dejando a un lado el hecho de que, en efecto, el &lt;a href="http://envirocancer.cornell.edu/Factsheet/Diet/fs37.hormones.cfm"&gt;uso indiscriminado de hormonas&lt;/a&gt; del crecimiento en el pollo y otros animales de consumo humano puede tener efectos negativos sobre nuestra salud, la calificación que hace Morales de la homosexualidad como una &lt;i&gt;desviación&lt;/i&gt; (con sus sobretonos medievales) es ciertamente deplorable y un claro ejercicio de ignorancia, por no decir de malintencionado chauvinismo.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Dicen que los pueblos tienen los gobernantes que se merecen. Yo me resisto a aceptar esa tesis. Lo que sí creo es que la ignorancia de los gobernantes es un buen indicador de las deficiencias en la educación de nuestros pueblos; una prueba &lt;i&gt;inculpatoria&lt;/i&gt; del fracaso de nuestros gobiernos, de antes y de ahora, que por tantos años han hecho de la educación la última de sus prioridades. Personalmente, me importa un comino la sombrilla ideológica bajo la que se arrope Morales, su comentario no sólo fue de mal gusto sino también un ejercicio imperdonable de ignorancia y de chauvinismo.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3414960952996672974-8430674662077006354?l=samuelsotillo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/feeds/8430674662077006354/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3414960952996672974&amp;postID=8430674662077006354' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/8430674662077006354'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/8430674662077006354'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/2010/04/la-culpa-es-de-los-pollos.html' title='La culpa es de los pollos'/><author><name>Samuel F. Sotillo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05537777895508725811</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='23' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/Sz5wwg8NUDI/AAAAAAAAAFk/Wv-1zeDTddA/S220/me+7b.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3414960952996672974.post-2298424064617871406</id><published>2010-04-08T19:43:00.000-04:00</published><updated>2010-04-22T09:48:22.772-04:00</updated><title type='text'>Mathématicien Russe Perelman refuse un million de dollars</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grigori_Perelman"&gt;Gregori Perelman&lt;/a&gt;, un mathématicien russe, il a refusé la récompense de l'&lt;a href="http://www.claymath.org/"&gt;Institut Clay des Mathématiques&lt;/a&gt; pour avoir résolu la conjecture de Poincaré, plus d'un siècle après son premier énoncé. La conjecture a été formulée pour le mathématicien français &lt;a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Poincar%C3%A9"&gt;Henri Poincaré&lt;/a&gt; en 1904.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Perelman vit reclus a Saint-Pétersbourg, avec sa mère âgée. En 2006, l'Union mathématique internationale (IMU) lui décerne la prestigieuse &lt;a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9daille_Fields"&gt;médaille Fields&lt;/a&gt;, sorte de Prix Nobel de mathématiques. Perelman a refusé la médaille aussi. Il a dit:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;Je ne suis pas un héros de mathématiques, leur lance-t-il alors. Je ne suis même pas un génie, c'est pour cela que je ne veux pas que tout le monde me regarde.&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;Il est intéressant que Perelman publié sa solution sur l'&lt;a href="http://arxiv.org/"&gt;arXiv&lt;/a&gt;, une archive de publications électroniques d'articles scientifiques qui est accessible gratuitement par Internet.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3414960952996672974-2298424064617871406?l=samuelsotillo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/feeds/2298424064617871406/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3414960952996672974&amp;postID=2298424064617871406' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/2298424064617871406'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/2298424064617871406'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/2010/04/mathematicien-russe-perelman-refuse-un.html' title='Mathématicien Russe Perelman refuse un million de dollars'/><author><name>Samuel F. Sotillo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05537777895508725811</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='23' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/Sz5wwg8NUDI/AAAAAAAAAFk/Wv-1zeDTddA/S220/me+7b.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3414960952996672974.post-3616487119549827260</id><published>2010-03-20T19:55:00.000-04:00</published><updated>2010-03-20T20:00:22.642-04:00</updated><title type='text'>Por una nueva Cuba, por una mejor Cuba</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;Luego de leer la &lt;a href="http://www.elmundo.es/america/2010/03/13/cuba/1268442243.html"&gt;entrevista &lt;/a&gt;que le hicieron a Pablo Milanés en España, creo que hay esperanza que de Cuba salga algo bueno, y pronto. Claro, Pablo quiere regresar, así que su crítica es comedida. Pero las palabras en estas circunstancias no pueden ser comedidas, aunque el que las diga quiera serlo. En todo caso, de nuevo, parece que hay esperanza, a lo mejor y nuestros dinosaurios también se extingan pronto, y con suerte no hará falta un cataclismo.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3414960952996672974-3616487119549827260?l=samuelsotillo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/feeds/3616487119549827260/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3414960952996672974&amp;postID=3616487119549827260' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/3616487119549827260'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/3616487119549827260'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/2010/03/por-una-nueva-cuba-por-una-mejor-cuba.html' title='Por una nueva Cuba, por una mejor Cuba'/><author><name>Samuel F. Sotillo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05537777895508725811</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='23' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/Sz5wwg8NUDI/AAAAAAAAAFk/Wv-1zeDTddA/S220/me+7b.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3414960952996672974.post-6294148355514648936</id><published>2010-03-13T09:26:00.000-05:00</published><updated>2010-03-13T09:27:25.708-05:00</updated><title type='text'>Miguel Delibes dead at 89 - RIP</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;Spanish writer &lt;a href="http://www.lun.com/Pages/NewsDetail.aspx?dt=2010-03-13&amp;amp;PaginaId=38&amp;amp;BodyID=0"&gt;Miguel Delibes died yesterday&lt;/a&gt; after a long fight with colon cancer. Delibes is best know for his novels &lt;a href="http://www.amazon.com/El-camino-Spanish-Miguel-Delibes/dp/8423340597?ie=UTF8&amp;amp;tag=ssblog05-20&amp;amp;link_code=btl&amp;amp;camp=213689&amp;amp;creative=392969" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;i&gt;El camino&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="http://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=ssblog05-20&amp;amp;l=btl&amp;amp;camp=213689&amp;amp;creative=392969&amp;amp;o=1&amp;amp;a=8423340597" style="border: medium none ! important; margin: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important;" width="1" /&gt;  and his most recent &lt;a href="http://www.amazon.com/El-hereje-Spanish-Miguel-Delibes/dp/8423333809?ie=UTF8&amp;amp;tag=ssblog05-20&amp;amp;link_code=btl&amp;amp;camp=213689&amp;amp;creative=392969" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;i&gt;El hereje&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="http://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=ssblog05-20&amp;amp;l=btl&amp;amp;camp=213689&amp;amp;creative=392969&amp;amp;o=1&amp;amp;a=8423333809" style="border: medium none ! important; margin: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important;" width="1" /&gt;. Delibes was awarded the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_of_Asturias_Awards"&gt;Prince of Asturias Prize&lt;/a&gt; in 1982 and the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_de_Cervantes_Prize"&gt;Miguel de Cervantes Prize&lt;/a&gt; in 1993.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/S5ugXxKsPXI/AAAAAAAAAGQ/y6mkRj84mrI/s1600-h/Miguel_Delibes.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/S5ugXxKsPXI/AAAAAAAAAGQ/y6mkRj84mrI/s320/Miguel_Delibes.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3414960952996672974-6294148355514648936?l=samuelsotillo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/feeds/6294148355514648936/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3414960952996672974&amp;postID=6294148355514648936' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/6294148355514648936'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/6294148355514648936'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/2010/03/miguel-delibes-dead-at-89-rip.html' title='Miguel Delibes dead at 89 - RIP'/><author><name>Samuel F. Sotillo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05537777895508725811</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='23' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/Sz5wwg8NUDI/AAAAAAAAAFk/Wv-1zeDTddA/S220/me+7b.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/S5ugXxKsPXI/AAAAAAAAAGQ/y6mkRj84mrI/s72-c/Miguel_Delibes.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3414960952996672974.post-7954744736125440692</id><published>2010-03-09T15:04:00.000-05:00</published><updated>2010-03-09T15:04:37.811-05:00</updated><title type='text'>El Tercer Reich de Bolaño</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;Acabo de recibir &lt;a target="_blank"  href="http://www.amazon.com/tercer-Reich-Vintage-Espanol-Spanish/dp/0307476146?ie=UTF8&amp;tag=ssblog05-20&amp;link_code=btl&amp;camp=213689&amp;creative=392969"&gt;&lt;i&gt;El Tercer Reich&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=ssblog05-20&amp;l=btl&amp;camp=213689&amp;creative=392969&amp;o=1&amp;a=0307476146" width="1" height="1" border="0" alt="" style="border:none !important; margin:0px !important; padding: 0px !important" /&gt; de Roberto Bolaño. Ansioso de comenzar a leerlo.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3414960952996672974-7954744736125440692?l=samuelsotillo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/feeds/7954744736125440692/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3414960952996672974&amp;postID=7954744736125440692' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/7954744736125440692'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/7954744736125440692'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/2010/03/el-tercer-reich-de-bolano.html' title='El Tercer Reich de Bolaño'/><author><name>Samuel F. Sotillo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05537777895508725811</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='23' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/Sz5wwg8NUDI/AAAAAAAAAFk/Wv-1zeDTddA/S220/me+7b.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3414960952996672974.post-5659562412877843192</id><published>2010-02-07T23:31:00.000-05:00</published><updated>2010-02-09T20:35:27.333-05:00</updated><title type='text'>Tomás Eloy Martínez dead at 75 - R.I.P.</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;Argentinian writer &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_Eloy_Mart%C3%ADnez"&gt;Tom&amp;aacute;s Eloy Mart&amp;iacute;nez&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/06/arts/06martinez.html"&gt;passed away&lt;/a&gt; on Feb 5 in his beloved Buenos Aires. Mart&amp;iacute;nez was an excellent essayist but he was best known for his novels on General &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Peron"&gt;Juan Domingo Per&amp;oacute;n&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a target="_blank"  href="http://www.amazon.com/novela-Peron-Tomas-Eloy-Marti­nez/dp/9682706793?ie=UTF8&amp;tag=ssblog05-20&amp;link_code=btl&amp;camp=213689&amp;creative=392969"&gt;La novela de Peron&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=ssblog05-20&amp;l=btl&amp;camp=213689&amp;creative=392969&amp;o=1&amp;a=9682706793" width="1" height="1" border="0" alt="" style="border:none !important; margin:0px !important; padding: 0px !important" /&gt;) and on the General's second wife &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva_Duarte_de_Per%C3%B3n"&gt;Eva Per&amp;oacute;n&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a target="_blank"  href="http://www.amazon.com/Santa-Evita-Tomas-Eloy-Martinez/dp/0679768149?ie=UTF8&amp;tag=ssblog05-20&amp;link_code=btl&amp;camp=213689&amp;creative=392969"&gt;Santa Evita&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=ssblog05-20&amp;l=btl&amp;camp=213689&amp;creative=392969&amp;o=1&amp;a=0679768149" width="1" height="1" border="0" alt="" style="border:none !important; margin:0px !important; padding: 0px !important" /&gt;). Mart&amp;iacute;nez also taught at Rutgers University until his death.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3414960952996672974-5659562412877843192?l=samuelsotillo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/feeds/5659562412877843192/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3414960952996672974&amp;postID=5659562412877843192' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/5659562412877843192'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/5659562412877843192'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/2010/02/tomas-eloy-martinez-dead-at-75.html' title='Tomás Eloy Martínez dead at 75 - R.I.P.'/><author><name>Samuel F. Sotillo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05537777895508725811</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='23' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/Sz5wwg8NUDI/AAAAAAAAAFk/Wv-1zeDTddA/S220/me+7b.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3414960952996672974.post-8663328823969966825</id><published>2010-01-28T22:13:00.000-05:00</published><updated>2010-01-28T22:13:29.645-05:00</updated><title type='text'>J. D. Salinger muere a los 91 años - R.I.P.</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._D._Salinger"&gt;J. D. Salinger&lt;/a&gt;, el enimático autor del clásico &lt;a target="_blank"  href="http://www.amazon.com/Catcher-Rye-J-D-Salinger/dp/B000BR53YU?ie=UTF8&amp;tag=ssblog05-20&amp;link_code=btl&amp;camp=213689&amp;creative=392969"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Catcher in the Rye&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=ssblog05-20&amp;l=btl&amp;camp=213689&amp;creative=392969&amp;o=1&amp;a=B000BR53YU" width="1" height="1" border="0" alt="" style="border:none !important; margin:0px !important; padding: 0px !important" /&gt; murió hoy jueves 27 de enero a los 91 años de edad. Luego de que su libro lo hiciera famoso, Salinger decidió alejarse de la vida pública y recluirse en su casa de Cornish, New Hampshire, donde vivió los últimos años de su vida en total aislamiento.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3414960952996672974-8663328823969966825?l=samuelsotillo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/feeds/8663328823969966825/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3414960952996672974&amp;postID=8663328823969966825' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/8663328823969966825'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/8663328823969966825'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/2010/01/j-d-salinger-muere-los-91-anos-rip.html' title='J. D. Salinger muere a los 91 años - R.I.P.'/><author><name>Samuel F. Sotillo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05537777895508725811</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='23' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/Sz5wwg8NUDI/AAAAAAAAAFk/Wv-1zeDTddA/S220/me+7b.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3414960952996672974.post-467307207690487702</id><published>2010-01-26T00:15:00.000-05:00</published><updated>2010-01-26T00:46:02.306-05:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='totalitarianism'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Bauer'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='racism'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='conservatism'/><title type='text'>A "down the south" proposal to end poverty: starve them all!</title><content type='html'>&lt;blockquote&gt;“My grandmother was not a highly educated woman, but she told me as a small child to quit feeding stray animals. You know why? Because they breed.  You’re facilitating the problem if you give an animal or a person ample food supply. They will reproduce, especially ones that don’t think too much further than that.”&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;Nope. The author of this &lt;a href="http://www.cbsnews.com/blogs/2010/01/25/politics/politicalhotsheet/entry6139186.shtml"&gt;comment&lt;/a&gt; was not &lt;b&gt;Reich Minister of the Interior&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler"&gt;Heinrich Himmler&lt;/a&gt;, who, obsessed as he was with the breeding of &lt;i&gt;undesirable people&lt;/i&gt;, led all Nazi efforts to exterminate those "&lt;a href="http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/himmler.html"&gt;human animals&lt;/a&gt;" in the first half of the 20th Century.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The real author of such surreal words is a very compassionate and thoughtful politician from South Carolina, a raising star &lt;a href="http://www.veteranstoday.com/2010/01/26/republican-lt-gov-andre-bauer-poor-are-destroying-america-breeding-like-rats/"&gt;who may well be America's next vice-president&lt;/a&gt;. His name is &lt;a href="http://www.andrebauer.com/"&gt;Andre Bauer&lt;/a&gt; and, currently, he is South Carolina's lieutenant governor. Yes, second in rank to infamous runaway cheater-in-chief Gov. &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Sanford"&gt;Mark Sanford&lt;/a&gt;. By the way, the "stray animals" Mr. Bauer was referring to are poor children who qualify for reduced or subsidized meals.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;But... if you were mistaken, don't worry! Himmler did say something much like Mr. Bauer's granny parable. In a very notorious  &lt;a href="http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/himmler.html"&gt;speech&lt;/a&gt; given on October 4th, 1943, Reich Minister Himmler told a group of &lt;a href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/562059/SS"&gt;SS&lt;/a&gt; leaders in Poznan:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;We Germans, who are the only people in the world who have a decent attitude to animals, will also adopt a decent attitude to these &lt;i&gt;human animals&lt;/i&gt;, but it is a crime against our own blood to worry about them [&lt;i&gt;for instance, feeding them so they can breed&lt;/i&gt;] ... I shall speak to you here with all frankness of a very grave matter. Among ourselves it should be mentioned quite frankly, and yet we will never speak of it publicly [&lt;i&gt;just as &lt;a href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/01/25/AR2010012503130_2.html"&gt;recently suggested&lt;/a&gt; by South Carolina's GOP Chairwoman Karen Floyd who said: 'the flap should be a lesson to everyone to "choose our words more carefully."'&lt;/i&gt;].&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;Of course, we all know today what (or who) Himmler's "stray animals" represented. In the same speech he went on and explained:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;I mean the evacuation of the Jews, the extermination of the Jewish people... Most of you know what it means to see a hundred corpses lying together, five hundred, or a thousand. To have stuck it out and at the same time--apart from exceptions caused by human weakness--to have remained decent fellows, that is what has made us hard. This is a page of glory in our history which has never been written and shall never be written. &lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;Fortunately, that page of (dis)glory was finally written... and Mr. Bauer's will eventually be as well. Let's only hope he never gets his "hundred corpses lying together."&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;[Note: emphasis and square bracket comments are mine]&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3414960952996672974-467307207690487702?l=samuelsotillo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/feeds/467307207690487702/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3414960952996672974&amp;postID=467307207690487702' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/467307207690487702'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/467307207690487702'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/2010/01/down-south-proposal-to-end-poverty.html' title='A &quot;down the south&quot; proposal to end poverty: starve them all!'/><author><name>Samuel F. Sotillo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05537777895508725811</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='23' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/Sz5wwg8NUDI/AAAAAAAAAFk/Wv-1zeDTddA/S220/me+7b.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3414960952996672974.post-1241673460677286778</id><published>2010-01-11T22:31:00.000-05:00</published><updated>2010-01-11T22:38:22.111-05:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Eric Rohmer'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Cine'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Francia'/><title type='text'>Au revoir Eric Rohmer!</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;En los 90s, uno de mis pasatiempos favoritos era asistir a los festivales de cine francés del &lt;a href="http://www.uc.edu.ve/fundacine/index2.php?opcion=AU"&gt;Cine Arte Patio Trigal&lt;/a&gt; de Valencia, Venezuela. Recuerdo que hacíamos tandas inacabables: una, dos, y hasta tres películas seguidas. Claro, era nuestra oportunidad para disfrutar de películas como &lt;i&gt;La Femme d'à côté&lt;/i&gt; de &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Truffaut"&gt;Francois Truffaut&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;i&gt;&lt;a target="_blank"  href="http://www.amazon.com/Story-Women-Isabelle-Huppert/dp/B00026L7N6?ie=UTF8&amp;tag=ssblog05-20&amp;link_code=btl&amp;camp=213689&amp;creative=392969"&gt;Une affaire de femmes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=ssblog05-20&amp;l=btl&amp;camp=213689&amp;creative=392969&amp;o=1&amp;a=B00026L7N6" width="1" height="1" border="0" alt="" style="border:none !important; margin:0px !important;" /&gt;&lt;/i&gt; de Claude Chabrol, &lt;i&gt;&lt;a target="_blank"  href="http://www.amazon.com/Belle-Noiseuse-Michel-Piccoli/dp/B0001Y4LEQ?ie=UTF8&amp;tag=ssblog05-20&amp;link_code=btl&amp;camp=213689&amp;creative=392969"&gt;La Belle Noiseuse&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=ssblog05-20&amp;l=btl&amp;camp=213689&amp;creative=392969&amp;o=1&amp;a=B0001Y4LEQ" width="1" height="1" border="0" alt="" style="border:none !important; margin:0px !important;" /&gt;&lt;/i&gt; de &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Rivette"&gt;Jacques Rivette&lt;/a&gt; o de &lt;i&gt;&lt;a target="_blank"  href="http://www.amazon.com/Pauline-at-Beach-Amanda-Langlet/dp/B00007KQ9Z?ie=UTF8&amp;tag=ssblog05-20&amp;link_code=btl&amp;camp=213689&amp;creative=392969"&gt;Pauline à la plage&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=ssblog05-20&amp;l=btl&amp;camp=213689&amp;creative=392969&amp;o=1&amp;a=B00007KQ9Z" width="1" height="1" border="0" alt="" style="border:none !important; margin:0px !important;" /&gt;&lt;/i&gt; de &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89ric_Rohmer"&gt;Eric Rohmer&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Menciono todo esto porque &lt;a href="http://www.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,1953023,00.html"&gt;los medios anunciaron hoy&lt;/a&gt; la muerte de Rohmer, a los 89 años. Rohmer, más aún en sus últimos films, no era precisamente comercial. Su cine era denso, con largos diálogos, muchos de ellos con el típico tono cuasi-filosófico que caracterizaba a la &lt;i&gt;nouvelle vague&lt;/i&gt;, o &lt;i&gt;nueva ola&lt;/i&gt; del cine francés. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Un cine para disfrutar con todos los sentidos, incluido el sentido común. Sí, eso que uno suele dejar en la puerta, como una colilla de cigarro terminada de fumar, antes de entrar a ver alguna película hollywoodense.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3414960952996672974-1241673460677286778?l=samuelsotillo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/feeds/1241673460677286778/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3414960952996672974&amp;postID=1241673460677286778' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/1241673460677286778'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/1241673460677286778'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/2010/01/au-revoir-eric-rohmer.html' title='Au revoir Eric Rohmer!'/><author><name>Samuel F. Sotillo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05537777895508725811</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='23' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/Sz5wwg8NUDI/AAAAAAAAAFk/Wv-1zeDTddA/S220/me+7b.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3414960952996672974.post-48570262529117179</id><published>2010-01-06T17:41:00.000-05:00</published><updated>2010-01-06T17:42:45.316-05:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Latino America'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Mercado'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Roberto Bolaño'/><title type='text'>Bolaño y el capitalismo</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;En este interesante &lt;a href="http://www.guernicamag.com/features/1382/bolano_inc/"&gt;post&lt;/a&gt;, el salvadoreño &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horacio_Castellanos_Moya"&gt;Horacio Castellanos Moya&lt;/a&gt; discute las posibles razones ocultas tras la fama de Bolaño. Cito a continuación un párrafo que me parece lo resume todo:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;Albert Fianelli, an Italian fellow journalist, parodies a quote often attributed to Herman Goering and says that every time someone mentions the word “market,” he reaches for his revolver. I’m not so extreme, but neither do I believe the story that the market is some kind of deity that moves on its own according to mysterious laws. The market has its landlords, like everything on this infected planet, and it’s the landlords of the market who decide the mambo that you dance, whether it’s selling cheap condoms or Latin American novels in the U.S. I say this because the central idea of Pollack’s work is that behind the construction of the Bolaño myth was not only a publisher’s marketing operation but also a redefinition of the image of Latin American culture and literature that the U.S. cultural establishment is now selling to the public.&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;Recomiendo la lectura del original. Por mi parte, otro día lo comento, necesito leer primero el ensayo de Pollack...&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3414960952996672974-48570262529117179?l=samuelsotillo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/feeds/48570262529117179/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3414960952996672974&amp;postID=48570262529117179' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/48570262529117179'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/48570262529117179'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/2010/01/bolano-y-el-capitalismo.html' title='Bolaño y el capitalismo'/><author><name>Samuel F. Sotillo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05537777895508725811</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='23' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/Sz5wwg8NUDI/AAAAAAAAAFk/Wv-1zeDTddA/S220/me+7b.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3414960952996672974.post-71048864135477692</id><published>2010-01-04T14:48:00.000-05:00</published><updated>2010-01-04T15:01:27.684-05:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Literatura'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='existentialism'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='filosofía'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Albert Camus'/><title type='text'>A cincuenta años de la muerte del filósofo del absurdo...</title><content type='html'>&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: right;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/S0JF06TtUmI/AAAAAAAAAGE/71KPaGorBak/s1600-h/499px-Albert_Camus.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/S0JF06TtUmI/AAAAAAAAAGE/71KPaGorBak/s200/499px-Albert_Camus.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;Aujourd'hui, maman est morte. Ou peut-être hier, je ne sais pas.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;(Mamá murió hoy. O pudo ser ayer, no lo sé.) &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;Con esta frase escatológica comienza &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Camus"&gt;Albert Camus&lt;/a&gt; su famosa novela &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.amazon.com/Stranger-Albert-Camus/dp/0679720200?ie=UTF8&amp;amp;tag=ssblog05-20&amp;amp;link_code=btl&amp;amp;camp=213689&amp;amp;creative=392969" target="_blank"&gt;L'Étranger&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="http://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=ssblog05-20&amp;amp;l=btl&amp;amp;camp=213689&amp;amp;creative=392969&amp;amp;o=1&amp;amp;a=0679720200" style="border: medium none ! important; margin: 0px ! important;" width="1" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.amazon.com/El-extranjero-Albert-Camus/dp/8420636940?ie=UTF8&amp;amp;tag=ssblog05-20&amp;amp;link_code=btl&amp;amp;camp=213689&amp;amp;creative=392969" target="_blank"&gt;El extranjero&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="http://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=ssblog05-20&amp;amp;l=btl&amp;amp;camp=213689&amp;amp;creative=392969&amp;amp;o=1&amp;amp;a=8420636940" style="border: medium none ! important; margin: 0px ! important;" width="1" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Un día como hoy, hace cincuenta años, Camus estaba en camino a Paris con su amigo Michel Gallimard cuando el eje del &lt;a href="http://lesdurocasseriesdepierlouim.blog50.com/tag/Retro+mobile+de+Dreux"&gt;Facel Vega&lt;/a&gt; de éste último se rompió y el auto se salió del camino, parcialmente cubierto de hielo, estrellándose con un árbol. Camus salió disparado, muriendo instantáneamente. Era la 1:54 pm de la tarde del 4 de Enero de 1960.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Sartre dijo alguna vez que la obra de Camus era un retrato del "hombre confrontando al mundo" ("Un comentario sobre &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.amazon.com/Existentialism-Humanism-Jean-Paul-Sartre/dp/0300115466?ie=UTF8&amp;amp;tag=ssblog05-20&amp;amp;link_code=btl&amp;amp;camp=213689&amp;amp;creative=392969" target="_blank"&gt;El extranjero&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="http://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=ssblog05-20&amp;amp;l=btl&amp;amp;camp=213689&amp;amp;creative=392969&amp;amp;o=1&amp;amp;a=0300115466" style="border: medium none ! important; margin: 0px ! important;" width="1" /&gt;&lt;/i&gt;"). ¿Qué mejor forma de comenzar el año que evocando esa frase?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3414960952996672974-71048864135477692?l=samuelsotillo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/feeds/71048864135477692/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3414960952996672974&amp;postID=71048864135477692' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/71048864135477692'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/71048864135477692'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/2010/01/cincuenta-anos-de-la-muerte-del.html' title='A cincuenta años de la muerte del filósofo del absurdo...'/><author><name>Samuel F. Sotillo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05537777895508725811</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='23' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/Sz5wwg8NUDI/AAAAAAAAAFk/Wv-1zeDTddA/S220/me+7b.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/S0JF06TtUmI/AAAAAAAAAGE/71KPaGorBak/s72-c/499px-Albert_Camus.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3414960952996672974.post-5292417256709586291</id><published>2009-12-29T16:56:00.000-05:00</published><updated>2009-12-29T17:11:22.572-05:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='films'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Criticism'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Avatar'/><title type='text'>More about 'Avatar'...</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;Two new reviews of &lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt;Avatar&lt;/span&gt; just came out &amp;#8212; by two neo-cons though. The first is by &lt;a href="http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/la-oe-goldberg29-2009dec29,0,4550777.column?track=rss"&gt;LA Times' Jonah Goldberg&lt;/a&gt; and deals with an alleged "faith instinct." The other is by &lt;a href="http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/017/350fozta.asp?pg=2"&gt;The Weekly Standard's John Podhoretz&lt;/a&gt; and basically trashes the whole movie.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;I should say that it doesn't surprise me that neo-cons don't like this movie &amp;#8212; go figure.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3414960952996672974-5292417256709586291?l=samuelsotillo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/feeds/5292417256709586291/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3414960952996672974&amp;postID=5292417256709586291' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/5292417256709586291'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/5292417256709586291'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/2009/12/more-about-avatar.html' title='More about &apos;Avatar&apos;...'/><author><name>Samuel F. Sotillo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05537777895508725811</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='23' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/Sz5wwg8NUDI/AAAAAAAAAFk/Wv-1zeDTddA/S220/me+7b.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3414960952996672974.post-2656966797313780531</id><published>2009-12-29T13:09:00.000-05:00</published><updated>2009-12-29T18:08:56.205-05:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Literatura'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Bolaño'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Boston Globe'/><title type='text'>2666: "the funniest and most tender apocalyptic book you’ll ever read"</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/SzpMFBOq4nI/AAAAAAAAAFY/-sWMYzwKc60/s1600-h/bol-zoom.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="float:right; margin:0 0 10px 10px;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 204px; height: 213px; border: double gray 1.4px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/SzpMFBOq4nI/AAAAAAAAAFY/-sWMYzwKc60/s320/bol-zoom.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="Roberto Bolaño 1970s" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Boston Globe columnist Nicole Lamy &lt;a href="http://www.boston.com/ae/books/articles/2009/12/29/10_unforgettable_books_of_the_decade/"&gt;listed&lt;/a&gt; Bolaño's &lt;a target="_blank"  href="http://www.amazon.com/2666-Novel-Roberto-Bolaño/dp/0312429215?ie=UTF8&amp;tag=ssblog05-20&amp;link_code=btl&amp;camp=213689&amp;creative=392969"&gt;&lt;i&gt;2666&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=ssblog05-20&amp;l=btl&amp;camp=213689&amp;creative=392969&amp;o=1&amp;a=0312429215" width="1" height="1" border="0" alt="" style="border:none !important; margin:0px !important;" /&gt; as the 10th "unforgettable book of the decade." The only problem, and I should say a real weird thing to say about Bolaño's work, is that she considers &lt;i&gt;2666&lt;/i&gt; "the funniest and most tender apocalyptic book you’ll ever read." That's a good example of postmodern irony!!&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3414960952996672974-2656966797313780531?l=samuelsotillo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/feeds/2656966797313780531/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3414960952996672974&amp;postID=2656966797313780531' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/2656966797313780531'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/2656966797313780531'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/2009/12/2666-funniest-and-most-tender.html' title='2666: &quot;the funniest and most tender apocalyptic book you’ll ever read&quot;'/><author><name>Samuel F. Sotillo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05537777895508725811</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='23' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/Sz5wwg8NUDI/AAAAAAAAAFk/Wv-1zeDTddA/S220/me+7b.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/SzpMFBOq4nI/AAAAAAAAAFY/-sWMYzwKc60/s72-c/bol-zoom.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3414960952996672974.post-9057945068097647444</id><published>2009-12-27T09:46:00.000-05:00</published><updated>2009-12-27T09:47:40.455-05:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Navidad'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='San Nicolás'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='FOX News'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Christmas'/><title type='text'>Outsourcing Santa?</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;A recent &lt;a href="http://www.foxnews.com/scitech/2009/12/23/white-christmas-coldest-places-solar/"&gt;post by FOX News&lt;/a&gt; almost made me reconsider my position about &lt;i&gt;their position&lt;/i&gt; on the issue of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change"&gt;climate change&lt;/a&gt;. Well, I say almost since I realized they were actually trying to outsource &lt;a href="http://www.northpole.com/"&gt;Santa's North Pole operation&lt;/a&gt; to outer space. What's wrong with these people?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3414960952996672974-9057945068097647444?l=samuelsotillo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/feeds/9057945068097647444/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3414960952996672974&amp;postID=9057945068097647444' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/9057945068097647444'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/9057945068097647444'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/2009/12/outsourcing-santa.html' title='Outsourcing Santa?'/><author><name>Samuel F. Sotillo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05537777895508725811</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='23' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/Sz5wwg8NUDI/AAAAAAAAAFk/Wv-1zeDTddA/S220/me+7b.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3414960952996672974.post-6490423449931700366</id><published>2009-12-23T13:59:00.000-05:00</published><updated>2009-12-23T14:08:17.110-05:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='colonialismo'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Latino America'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='racism'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Avatar'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Eagleton'/><title type='text'>¿Avatar vs. Caliban?</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;El tema racial y el discurso postmoderno &lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;En un reciente &lt;a href="http://io9.com/5422666/when-will-white-people-stop-making-movies-like-avatar?skyline=true&amp;amp;s=x"&gt;comentario&lt;/a&gt; sobre la película &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avatar_%282009_film%29"&gt;Avatar&lt;/a&gt; de &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cameron"&gt;James Cameron&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annalee_Newitz"&gt;Annalee Newitz&lt;/a&gt; se pregunta si la misma no es más que una fantasía sobre temas raciales, "the latest scifi rehash of an old white guilt fantasy".&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Debo aclarar que aún no he visto la película, así que no puedo comentarla en detalles. Sin embargo, en base a lo que he leído y escuchado sobre la trama, es obvio que la película es una suerte de &lt;i&gt;re-make&lt;/i&gt; "ensalada" de viejos temas y estereotipos muy del gusto de Hollywood y del cine estadounidense en general.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;En particular, para Newitz, la película "is emphatically a fantasy about race". Yo no estoy de acuerdo. Al menos no totalmente. En su lugar, yo concuerdo con &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Eagleton"&gt;Terry Eagleton&lt;/a&gt;, en su &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.amazon.com/After-Theory-Terry-Eagleton/dp/0465017746?ie=UTF8&amp;amp;tag=ssblog05-20&amp;amp;link_code=btl&amp;amp;camp=213689&amp;amp;creative=392969" target="_blank"&gt;After Theory&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="http://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=ssblog05-20&amp;amp;l=btl&amp;amp;camp=213689&amp;amp;creative=392969&amp;amp;o=1&amp;amp;a=0465017746" style="border: medium none ! important; margin: 0px ! important;" width="1" /&gt;&lt;/i&gt;,  que, en este caso como en otros, lo racial no es más que un artilugio usado en estos tiempos postmodernos para enmascarar algo más profundo y, ¿sorpresa?, viejo.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Si, como lo sugieren Newitz y otros &lt;a href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/12/22/AR2009122203276.html"&gt;comentaristas&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;i&gt;Avatar &lt;/i&gt;sigue en la tradición de otros filmes como &lt;i&gt;Dances with Wolves&lt;/i&gt; y &lt;i&gt;The Last Samurai&lt;/i&gt;, entoces la película no es tanto sobre &lt;i&gt;raza &lt;/i&gt;como lo es sobre explotación o, para usar esa vieja categoría marxista ya casi en desuso, sobre &lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucha_de_clases"&gt;&lt;i&gt;lucha de clases&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. Y aquí no me refiero al viejo discurso marxista de la burguesía contra el proletariado, hoy día revivido al caletre por algunos proyectos dizque revolucionarios en Suramérica, sino a la triste realidad de ciertos sistemas donde un grupo de gente explota a otro sobre la base de cierta petendida superioridad, llámese moral, racial o material.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;En el caso de &lt;i&gt;Avatar&lt;/i&gt;, el hecho de que &lt;i&gt;blanco &lt;/i&gt;sea el color de piel de la clase superior y que &lt;i&gt;azul &lt;/i&gt;sea el de la inferior, es sólo contingente. Prueba de ello es que los rasgos de esta vieja trama ya son evidentes en historias antiguas, como el caso de algunas versiones de la leyenda del &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_basis_for_King_Arthur"&gt;Rey Arturo&lt;/a&gt;, donde lo racial es, sin duda alguna, puramente contingente.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;En realidad, y aquí parafreaseamos nuevamente a Eagleton, la palabra inglesa "race" es sólo parte de la "jerga aceptable". En un mundo donde hablar de explotados y explotadores ya no es políticamente correcto, lo racial viene a ser un sustituto de vainilla que nos permite connotar lo no-denotable. En todo caso, ese deseo, como dice Newitz, del protagonista de Avatar de ser el líder  "blanco" que libera a los "&lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buen_salvaje"&gt;buenos salvajes&lt;/a&gt;" azules de sus opresores, no es un acto de catársis ni de contrición de culpas pasadas, sino un acto de reacomodo de viejas narrativas, las que reafirman la superioridad del explotador.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;¿Por qué Caliban? &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;La referencia a &lt;a href="http://www.amazon.com/Todo-Caliban-Roberto-Fern%C3%A1ndez-Retamar/dp/9977676550?ie=UTF8&amp;amp;tag=ssblog05-20&amp;amp;link_code=btl&amp;amp;camp=213689&amp;amp;creative=392969" target="_blank"&gt;Caliban&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="http://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=ssblog05-20&amp;amp;l=btl&amp;amp;camp=213689&amp;amp;creative=392969&amp;amp;o=1&amp;amp;a=9977676550" style="border: medium none ! important; margin: 0px ! important;" width="1" /&gt; en el título de este comentario tiene que ver con las ideas del cubano &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_Fern%C3%A1ndez_Retamar"&gt;Roberto Fernández Retamar&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;i&gt;Caliban &lt;/i&gt;es un anagrama de &lt;i&gt;caníbal &lt;/i&gt;inventado por &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shakespeare"&gt;William Shakespeare&lt;/a&gt; para nombrar un personaje de su obra &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.amazon.com/Tempestad-Spanish-William-Shakespeare/dp/9871165323?ie=UTF8&amp;amp;tag=ssblog05-20&amp;amp;link_code=btl&amp;amp;camp=213689&amp;amp;creative=392969" target="_blank"&gt;La Tempestad&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="http://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=ssblog05-20&amp;amp;l=btl&amp;amp;camp=213689&amp;amp;creative=392969&amp;amp;o=1&amp;amp;a=9871165323" style="border: medium none ! important; margin: 0px ! important;" width="1" /&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;En la obra de Shakespeare, Próspero es el Duque de Milán por derecho, a quién su hermano ha usurpado con la ayuda del Rey de Nápoles. Abandonados en una isla, Próspero y su hija Miranda se sirven de dos personajes: Caliban y Ariel. Caliban es un monstruo, un ser deforme a quién Próspero esclaviza al tiempo que educa y "civiliza". Ariel, por el otro lado, es una "criatura aérea", un ser espiritual a quién Próspero esclaviza por obligación, luego de haberlo liberado del hechizo de la bruja Sycorax.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Para Fernández Retamar, Caliban es nuestro símbolo, una metáfora de nosotros los latinoamericanos como objetos de explotación, primero por el imperio español y luego por subsiguientes imperios hasta nuestros días. Próspero, por el otro lado, representa al opresor, al conquistador que, por pura voluntad, somete y esclaviza a Caliban, mientras que mantiene a Ariel a su servicio con la promesa de una vida mejor. Ariel, según Fernández Retamar, representa al intelectual que se somete al servicio del conquistador con la promesa de que con su ayuda podrá superar la barbarie. (Curiosamente. no hay nada de contingente en el hecho de que Próspero sea una palabra cercana a la de &lt;i&gt;prosperidad&lt;/i&gt;, la cual forma parte del mito civilizador de la modernidad, representado por la relación Próspero-Ariel.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;En todo caso, por lo poco que sé de &lt;i&gt;Avatar&lt;/i&gt;, pareciera haber cierto paralelismo entre la historia de Shakespeare y la de Cameron. De ser así, tal paralelismo reforzaría mi tesis de que lo racial es sólo contingente. Pero de eso hablaré una vez que haya visto la película.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3414960952996672974-6490423449931700366?l=samuelsotillo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/feeds/6490423449931700366/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3414960952996672974&amp;postID=6490423449931700366' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/6490423449931700366'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/6490423449931700366'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/2009/12/avatar-vs-caliban.html' title='¿Avatar vs. Caliban?'/><author><name>Samuel F. Sotillo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05537777895508725811</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='23' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/Sz5wwg8NUDI/AAAAAAAAAFk/Wv-1zeDTddA/S220/me+7b.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3414960952996672974.post-580883356697123063</id><published>2009-12-19T20:37:00.000-05:00</published><updated>2009-12-20T12:23:23.534-05:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Nobel peace prize'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Walter Benjamin'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='politica'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Barack Obama'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Criticism'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Politics'/><title type='text'>Obama's Benjaminian moment</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;In 1921, German philosopher, literary critic and essayist &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Benjamin"&gt;Walter Benjamin&lt;/a&gt; wrote an essay on the relationship between law, justice and violence. There, Benjamin argues that violence bears on moral issues from two different perspectives.  The first of these is called natural law. The second one, positive law.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;According to natural law, violence is "a product of nature," something we mortals cannot avoid. Therefore, violence itself is not "problematical," unless it is used for "unjust ends." Accordingly, violence can be a morally acceptable means as far as it brings in "just ends." This is, of course, just a rephrasing of Machiavelli's maxim: "ends justifies the means." In any case, in the realm of natural law, justice is the criterion on which ends are judged.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;On the other hand, in the positive law tradition, violence is a product of history. Therefore, the question of whether violence is morally acceptable resides not in the ends involved but in the historical circumstances that lead to its use. In other words, not all kind of violence (means) is justifiable and its justification depends on the historical circumstances involved. In Benjamin's words, "The distinction [between kinds of violence] is between historically acknowledged, so-called sanctioned violence, and unsanctioned violence."&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;I decided to comment on Benjamin's "Critique of Violence" because president &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama"&gt;Barack Obama&lt;/a&gt;'s &lt;a href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2009/obama-lecture_en.html"&gt;Nobel Peace Prize speech&lt;/a&gt; reminded me some of Benjamin's ideas. In his speech, Obama says:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;We must begin by acknowledging the hard truth that we will not eradicate violent conflict in our lifetimes. There will be times when nations – acting individually or in concert – will find the use of force not only necessary but morally justified.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;Clearly, Obama refers here to what Benjamin describes as the natural law approach to justify the use of violence. In accordance with the natural law tradition, Obama first argues that violence is something we cannot eradicate, or what Benjamin calls "a product of nature," Therefore, it is not a question of whether it is right or wrong to use violence but of whether it is for just or unjust ends.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Later on, he says: "I face the world as it is," a place where violence, war and conflict "have increasingly trapped civilians in unending chaos." And since "evil does exist in the world" and "war is at some level an expression of human feelings," violence in the form of war is not only necessary but most importantly "morally justified." Again, Obama appeals to the idea of violence (evil) as an expression of humanity (human feelings) in order to justify the use (legality) of using violence against violence.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;However, Obama doesn't stop there. He goes on saying:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;I believe that all nations – strong and weak alike – must adhere to standards that govern the use of force. I – like any head of state – reserve the right to act unilaterally if necessary to defend my nation. Nevertheless, I am convinced that adhering to standards strengthens those who do, and isolates – and weakens – those who don't.&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;Again, as long as the means fall within the realm of the legal "standards that govern the use of force," the use of force is justified. Once more, the "ends justifies the means."&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;We may think that Obama's appeal to the natural law tradition has its roots in his &lt;a href="http://www.wnd.com/index.php?pageId=74877"&gt;own education&lt;/a&gt; as an American lawyer. After all, the American law tradition is an extension of the British common law tradition and, therefore, a direct descendant of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes"&gt;Thomas Hobbes&lt;/a&gt;' ideas as presented in his famous essay &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.amazon.com/Leviathan-Selected-Variants-Latin-1668/dp/0872201775?ie=UTF8&amp;amp;tag=ssblog05-20&amp;amp;link_code=btl&amp;amp;camp=213689&amp;amp;creative=392969" target="_blank"&gt;Leviathan&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="http://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=ssblog05-20&amp;amp;l=btl&amp;amp;camp=213689&amp;amp;creative=392969&amp;amp;o=1&amp;amp;a=0872201775" style="border: medium none ! important; margin: 0px ! important;" width="1" /&gt;. However, actually I think it's more complicated.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Following Benjamin's "Critique of Violence," I believe that Obama's speech continues on the previous administration tradition of evading critique on their means by refusing to accept the problematic of the history of their own policies. Benjamin says: "The critique of violence is the critique of its history." By refusing to face the reality of the legality of the history of its use of violence, the Obama administration persists on that same path that pretends to justify "allegedly" moral means through the censoring of history &amp;#8212; that is, the watering down of the critical force of language.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;References&lt;/b&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;Walter Benjamin. &lt;a href="http://www.amazon.com/Walter-Benjamin-Selected-Writings-1913-1926/dp/0674945859?ie=UTF8&amp;amp;tag=ssblog05-20&amp;amp;link_code=btl&amp;amp;camp=213689&amp;amp;creative=392969" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Walter Benjamin: Selected Writings, Volume 1, 1913-1926&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Norberto Bobbio. &lt;a href="http://www.amazon.com/Thomas-Hobbes-Natural-Law-Tradition/dp/0226062481?ie=UTF8&amp;amp;tag=ssblog05-20&amp;amp;link_code=btl&amp;amp;camp=213689&amp;amp;creative=392969" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Thomas Hobbes and the Natural Law Traditio&lt;/i&gt;n.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="http://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=ssblog05-20&amp;amp;l=btl&amp;amp;camp=213689&amp;amp;creative=392969&amp;amp;o=1&amp;amp;a=0226062481" style="border: medium none ! important; margin: 0px ! important;" width="1" /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;David S. Ferris. &lt;a href="http://www.amazon.com/Cambridge-Introduction-Benjamin-Introductions-Literature/dp/0521864585?ie=UTF8&amp;amp;tag=ssblog05-20&amp;amp;link_code=btl&amp;amp;camp=213689&amp;amp;creative=392969" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;i&gt;The Cambridge Introduction to Walter Benjamin&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="http://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=ssblog05-20&amp;amp;l=btl&amp;amp;camp=213689&amp;amp;creative=392969&amp;amp;o=1&amp;amp;a=0521864585" style="border: medium none ! important; margin: 0px ! important;" width="1" /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/Sy5dDS-SBII/AAAAAAAAAFQ/6p_QkE0rWDk/s1600-h/bushobama.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 87px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/Sy5dDS-SBII/AAAAAAAAAFQ/6p_QkE0rWDk/s320/bushobama.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5417369712987341954" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3414960952996672974-580883356697123063?l=samuelsotillo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/feeds/580883356697123063/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3414960952996672974&amp;postID=580883356697123063' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/580883356697123063'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/580883356697123063'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/2009/12/obamas-benjaminian-moment.html' title='Obama&apos;s Benjaminian moment'/><author><name>Samuel F. Sotillo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05537777895508725811</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='23' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/Sz5wwg8NUDI/AAAAAAAAAFk/Wv-1zeDTddA/S220/me+7b.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/Sy5dDS-SBII/AAAAAAAAAFQ/6p_QkE0rWDk/s72-c/bushobama.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3414960952996672974.post-520436333719971428</id><published>2009-12-12T11:50:00.000-05:00</published><updated>2009-12-19T13:08:50.598-05:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='USA'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Christopher Buckley'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='politica'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Joseph Heller'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Politics'/><title type='text'>Unhappily ever after</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;A decade after &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Heller"&gt;Joseph Heller&lt;/a&gt;'s passing, author &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Buckley"&gt;Christopher Buckley&lt;/a&gt; writes an interesting piece in &lt;a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/12/opinion/12buckley.html?_r=1&amp;amp;th&amp;amp;emc=th"&gt;today's New York Times op-ed&lt;/a&gt;. In case y'all don't remember, Heller was the author of &lt;a target="_blank"  href="http://www.amazon.com/Catch-22-Joseph-Heller/dp/0684833395?ie=UTF8&amp;tag=ssblog05-20&amp;link_code=btl&amp;camp=213689&amp;creative=392969"&gt;Catch-22&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=ssblog05-20&amp;l=btl&amp;camp=213689&amp;creative=392969&amp;o=1&amp;a=0684833395" width="1" height="1" border="0" alt="" style="border:none !important; margin:0px !important;" /&gt;, the iconic 1960's satirical novel.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;In his piece, Buckley wonders &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;“What would [Joseph Heller] have made of"&lt;/span&gt; this &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;"tumultuous — to say the least — decade"&lt;/span&gt;?. And with it, Buckley means a decade whose landmark events he sums up like this:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_election_recount"&gt;the Florida recount&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;9/11&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weapon_of_mass_destruction"&gt;weapons of mass destruction&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/h/saddam_hussein/index.html?inline=nyt-per"&gt;Saddam Hussein’s hanging&lt;/a&gt;, available on cellphone and YouTube&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.cnn.com/2006/POLITICS/02/12/cheney/"&gt;Dick Cheney shooting his lawyer&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.basetree.com/articles/katrina-versus-bush.html"&gt;Hurricane Katrina&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Kerry"&gt;John Kerry&lt;/a&gt;, war hero, being depicted as a Swift-boating wimp&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Gaga"&gt;Lady Gaga&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.smh.com.au/business/world-business/us-pay-czar-gives-in-on-aig-retention-bonuses-20091212-kp2p.html"&gt;A.I.G. bonuses&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Madoff"&gt;Bernard Madoff&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;the election of Barack Obama&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://rawstory.com/2009/12/jon-stewart-catches-glenn-beck-digging-gold/"&gt;Glenn Beck&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;the “controversy” over&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama_citizenship_conspiracy_theories"&gt; Barack Obama’s birth certificate&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Sarah Palin, &lt;a href="http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0909/27777.html"&gt;best-selling author&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;and, last but not least, "&lt;a href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/dec/09/obama-nobel-peace-prize-snub"&gt;President Obama’s accepting the Nobel Peace Prize&lt;/a&gt; shortly after ordering 30,000 more Americans to war".&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p&gt;I'm sure that Heller would have enjoyed the irony behind this "tumultuous decade" of nonsense. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;By the way, I myself have my own &lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt;catch&lt;/span&gt; to add to Buckley's list:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;What would Joseph Heller have made of Buckley himself being fired from his daddy's magazine — iconic conservative powerhouse &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Review"&gt;National Review&lt;/a&gt; — after &lt;a href="http://www.thedailybeast.com/blogs-and-stories/2008-10-10/the-conservative-case-for-obama"&gt;his public support&lt;/a&gt; of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama"&gt;president Obama&lt;/a&gt;'s candidacy?&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;DISCLAIMER: links embedded in the above list are NOT from Buckley's original op-ed.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3414960952996672974-520436333719971428?l=samuelsotillo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/feeds/520436333719971428/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3414960952996672974&amp;postID=520436333719971428' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/520436333719971428'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/520436333719971428'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/2009/12/unhappily-ever-after.html' title='Unhappily ever after'/><author><name>Samuel F. Sotillo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05537777895508725811</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='23' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/Sz5wwg8NUDI/AAAAAAAAAFk/Wv-1zeDTddA/S220/me+7b.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3414960952996672974.post-1048547710513312669</id><published>2009-11-23T23:52:00.000-05:00</published><updated>2009-11-24T00:31:59.840-05:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='freedom of speech'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='liberalism'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='child'/><title type='text'>A true American rebel</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;Will Phillips is a &lt;a href="http://www.arktimes.com/articles/articleviewer.aspx?ArticleID=2f5d7a3b-c72a-446b-8d20-3823aa79c021"&gt;10-year boy from Arkansas&lt;/a&gt; who has been brave enough to stand for what he believes. He has been in the news recently because he refused to stand up to pledge his alliance to American "conservative" ideals - or what else can we call the modern day version of &lt;a href="http://oldtimeislands.org/pledge/pledge.htm"&gt;The Pledge of Alliance&lt;/a&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;To the question &lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt;what being an American means?&lt;/span&gt;, here is his answer:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;“The freedom to disagree. That's what I think pretty much being an American represents.”&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;Pure existentialism!!... from a true intellectual descendant of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltaire"&gt;Voltaire&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3414960952996672974-1048547710513312669?l=samuelsotillo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/feeds/1048547710513312669/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3414960952996672974&amp;postID=1048547710513312669' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/1048547710513312669'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/1048547710513312669'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/2009/11/true-american-rebel.html' title='A true American rebel'/><author><name>Samuel F. Sotillo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05537777895508725811</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='23' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/Sz5wwg8NUDI/AAAAAAAAAFk/Wv-1zeDTddA/S220/me+7b.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3414960952996672974.post-5771760028274283886</id><published>2009-10-29T08:58:00.000-04:00</published><updated>2009-12-19T13:09:28.808-05:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Literatura'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Latino America'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Bolaño'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='literature'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='2666'/><title type='text'>Notes on 2666</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;Recently, I found this &lt;a href="http://us.macmillan.com/BookCustomPage.aspx?isbn=9780374100148&amp;amp;m_type=4&amp;amp;m_contentid=5953&amp;amp;sms_ss=blogger"&gt;"Notes Toward an Annotated Edition of 2666"&lt;/a&gt; by Natasha Wimmer, &lt;a target="_blank"  href="http://www.amazon.com/2666-Novel-Roberto-Bolaño/dp/0312429215?ie=UTF8&amp;tag=ssblog05-20&amp;link_code=btl&amp;camp=213689&amp;creative=392969"&gt;Bolaño&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=ssblog05-20&amp;l=btl&amp;camp=213689&amp;creative=392969&amp;o=1&amp;a=0312429215" width="1" height="1" border="0" alt="" style="border:none !important; margin:0px !important;" /&gt;'s official translator. These "Notes" have interesting information, some of them first hand from Bolaño's friends or/and personal archives.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3414960952996672974-5771760028274283886?l=samuelsotillo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/feeds/5771760028274283886/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3414960952996672974&amp;postID=5771760028274283886' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/5771760028274283886'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/5771760028274283886'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/2009/10/notes-on-2666.html' title='Notes on 2666'/><author><name>Samuel F. Sotillo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05537777895508725811</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='23' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/Sz5wwg8NUDI/AAAAAAAAAFk/Wv-1zeDTddA/S220/me+7b.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3414960952996672974.post-1599714516322945757</id><published>2009-09-06T21:01:00.000-04:00</published><updated>2009-09-07T00:43:47.359-04:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='economics'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Krugman'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Politics'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Latin America'/><title type='text'>Mistaking beauty for truth</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;In a recent &lt;a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/06/magazine/06Economic-t.html?th=&amp;emc=th&amp;pagewanted=all"&gt;article&lt;/a&gt;, just published by the New York Times magazine, Nobel laureate economist &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Krugman"&gt;Paul Krugman&lt;/a&gt; relates how main-stream contemporary economic theory has, for many years now, been based on the wrong assumption that &lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt;beauty&lt;/span&gt; equals &lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt;truth&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;According to Krugman, contemporary economics is based on the "romanticized and sanitized vision" that markets are perfect and that humans, under perfect market conditions, behave always "rationally." Based on that "vision," warns Krugman, neo-classical economists (we, in Latin America, prefer the term "neo-liberal"), many of them from a well-known Mid-Western powerhouse school: The University of Chicago's School of Economics, have:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;turned a blind eye to the limitations of human rationality that often lead to bubbles and busts; to the problems of institutions that run amok; to the imperfections of markets — especially financial markets — that can cause the economy’s operating system to undergo sudden, unpredictable crashes; and to the dangers created when regulators don’t believe in regulation.&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;Of course, Krugman doesn't stop there. He goes on describing the way how this "vision" has dominated &lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt;academia&lt;/span&gt; to the point that alternative theories were put aside, mainly &lt;a href="http://cco.cambridge.org/extract?id=ccol0521840902_CCOL0521840902A015"&gt;Keynesian economics&lt;/a&gt;, setting up the conditions for our current &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_financial_crisis_of_2008%E2%80%932009"&gt;Global financial crisis&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Now, I have no intention to comment more here on all the details of Krugman's article--some of those details being very technical in nature and specific to his profession. Instead, I will recommend to my invisible friends to read the article. I promise, it's worth the time you may spend on it.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;What caught my attention about Krugman's piece is the spirit of his criticism. The fact that for so many years, so many people in the &lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt;academia&lt;/span&gt; and elsewhere have reverently accepted the neo-classical's vision of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect_market"&gt;perfect markets&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_economicus"&gt;rational agents&lt;/a&gt;, and mainly because many of their formulations were "elegant, convenient and lucrative." In other words, economists ended up confounding "beauty" with "truth." Neo-classical economics looked good in theory, was mathematically robust and elegant, and, most importantly, helped many people make lots of money. (And here, I should confess that I was one of those "confounded" creatures, during a brief period of time in the late 1990s) Thence, what could be wrong with it? Go figure... we know the answer now.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;But again, that's not what I want to talk about. What strikes me hard is the fact that sometimes people can fall deep for the illusion that a beautiful and elegant set of premises are necessarily true because of their being "beautiful." This idea of mistaking beauty for truth is not new--so, Krugman is far from being original on that matter. However, it is certainly true. And a good example is the &lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt;attitude&lt;/span&gt; of certain left-wing American &lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt;intellectuals&lt;/span&gt;--many of them in &lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt;academia&lt;/span&gt;--toward &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez"&gt;Hugo Chávez&lt;/a&gt;'s revolution in Venezuela. Although, I could say: toward any pretended &lt;a href="http://wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=revolution"&gt;revolution&lt;/a&gt; in Latin America.&lt;p&gt;I must confess that--sometimes--I find hard coping with such an &lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt;attitude&lt;/span&gt;. In some cases, it is simply the outcome of some "romanticized" vision of us--and with &lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt;us&lt;/span&gt; I mean "Latin America" as a whole (and here I should bring back some of Krugman's arguments on romanticized visions of reality).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Fellow Venezuelan writer, &lt;a href="http://www.carlosrangel.com/"&gt;Carlos Rangel&lt;/a&gt; (and yes, I know some people will denounce me as a &lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt;neo-liberal&lt;/span&gt;, just for quoting him), did a great job once, summarizing the whole idea of a romantic vision of Latin American and &lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt;us&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt;los latinoamericanos&lt;/span&gt;, with two phrases: "el buen salvage" and "el buen revolucionario." He even wrote a book, first published by &lt;a href="http://www.monteavila.gob.ve/"&gt;Monte &amp;Aacute;vila&lt;/a&gt; in 1976, with the  title: &lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt;Del Buen Salvaje al Buen Revolucionario&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Of course, I don't agree with all of Rangel's ideas. And yes, I know that, later on, the same book was used by &lt;a href="http://html.rincondelvago.com/manual-del-perfecto-idiota-latinoamericano_apuleyo-montaner-vargas-llosa.html"&gt;Latin American neo-liberals&lt;/a&gt; in justifying much of their agenda of "exuberant" irrationality in our local economies. However, I do believe he is right on one thing: recognizing the big and deep abyss that exists between our "ser latinoamericanos" (the vision we have of ourselves) and what other people outside our own neighborhood believe we are--what "ser latinoamericano" actually means to them.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;And, here is where I find Krugman's arguments on neo-classical "irrationality" so compelling. The fact is that Americans' vision of &lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt;us&lt;/span&gt;--and I should say &lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt;of&lt;/span&gt;  Ch&amp;aacute;vez and Castro as archetypes of &lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt;good revolutionaries&lt;/span&gt;--is so beautiful and romantic that it hides the whole truth about the fact that both are inept and autocratic rulers. And yes, I agree: both Ch&amp;aacute;vez and Castro (whatever first name you want to use: Fidel or Ra&amp;uacute;l) are very intelligent and smart political agents. They have plenty of good intentions and lots of political capital to spend. However, I doubt and refute the premise that they both are &lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt;rational&lt;/span&gt; political agents (&lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt;always&lt;/span&gt;) and that their regimes are &lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt;perfect&lt;/span&gt; just for being, or for pretending to be, &lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt;socialist&lt;/span&gt;. The idea that both regimes are beyond criticism and/or reproach just for being &lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt;revolutionary&lt;/span&gt; is, simply put, stupid. As stupid as pretending that markets are perfect systems and economic agents act &lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt;always&lt;/span&gt; rationally. It makes sound good and looks beautiful on paper (books, poems, songs, etc. etc.) but in reality is as false as neo-classical &lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt;panglossianism&lt;/span&gt; (see Krugman's article).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;So, many fellow Latin Americans are right when they question the honesty (and common-sense) behind the enthusiasm that so many American &lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt;intellectuals&lt;/span&gt; and celebrities show for our revolutions and revolutionaries. They can't help thinking about the fact that so many of those same &lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt;intellectuals&lt;/span&gt; (and celebrities) supported a moderate &lt;a href="http://www.nhi.org/online/issues/149/obama.html"&gt;third-way democrat like Barack Obama&lt;/a&gt;, well known for her soothing speeches and motivational style, while at the same time they have sponsored Ch&amp;aacute;vez's confrontational ramblings and autocratic style. And yes, many of my fellow Latin-Americans are right: it is a &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_standard"&gt;double-standard&lt;/a&gt;. That's why it is unacceptable to have a self-righteous &lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt;neo-con&lt;/span&gt; telling the whole world: "&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You%27re_either_with_us,_or_against_us"&gt;You're either with us, or against us&lt;/a&gt;," but, at the same time, it is OK to have a self-righteous pink-leftist telling a whole country (What a surprise!) the same threatening words:"&lt;a href="http://www.taringa.net/posts/noticias/1697127/Chavez-arremete-contra-los-comunistas-de-Venezuela.html"&gt;El que no esté con [qui&amp;eacute;n Ch&amp;aacute;vez diga] no está con Chávez, está contra Chávez&lt;/a&gt;." Again, just another good example of mistaking beauty for truth.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3414960952996672974-1599714516322945757?l=samuelsotillo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/feeds/1599714516322945757/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3414960952996672974&amp;postID=1599714516322945757' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/1599714516322945757'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/1599714516322945757'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/2009/09/mistaking-beauty-for-truth.html' title='Mistaking beauty for truth'/><author><name>Samuel F. Sotillo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05537777895508725811</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='23' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/Sz5wwg8NUDI/AAAAAAAAAFk/Wv-1zeDTddA/S220/me+7b.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3414960952996672974.post-3990680892035053442</id><published>2009-08-23T15:38:00.000-04:00</published><updated>2009-08-23T15:54:25.536-04:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Borges'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='natalicio'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Wilson Library'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='UNC'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='aniversario'/><title type='text'>Borges, 110 años después</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/SpGdqrK9dgI/AAAAAAAAAFI/_ceie0Ab7uQ/s1600-h/portrait2.gif"&gt;&lt;img style="float:right; margin:0 0 10px 10px;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 138px; height: 200px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/SpGdqrK9dgI/AAAAAAAAAFI/_ceie0Ab7uQ/s200/portrait2.gif" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5373249186898474498" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;P&gt;Brevemente, sólo quiero recordar la celebración de los 110 años del nacimiento de &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorge_Luis_Borges"&gt;Jorge Luis Borges&lt;/a&gt;, quien nació un 24 de Agosto de 1899, en la ciudad de Buenos Aires.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;La importancia de Borges en nuestras letras es incuestionable, así que no vale la pena hablar de aquello que ya es obvio. Sólo diré, para quienes puedan estar interesados, que la &lt;a href="http://www.unc.edu/"&gt;Universidad de Carolina del Norte en Chapel Hill&lt;/a&gt; tiene una &lt;a href="http://www.lib.unc.edu/spotlight/2009/borges.html"&gt;celebración especial&lt;/a&gt; para conmemorar tan importante evento. En la misma van a estar presentes algunos estudiosos de Borges, así que vale la pena asistir. Yo, por supuesto, no me lo pierdo...&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3414960952996672974-3990680892035053442?l=samuelsotillo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/feeds/3990680892035053442/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3414960952996672974&amp;postID=3990680892035053442' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/3990680892035053442'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/3990680892035053442'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/2009/08/borges-110-anos-despues.html' title='Borges, 110 años después'/><author><name>Samuel F. Sotillo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05537777895508725811</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='23' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/Sz5wwg8NUDI/AAAAAAAAAFk/Wv-1zeDTddA/S220/me+7b.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/SpGdqrK9dgI/AAAAAAAAAFI/_ceie0Ab7uQ/s72-c/portrait2.gif' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3414960952996672974.post-7622241661288287484</id><published>2009-08-06T19:13:00.000-04:00</published><updated>2009-08-06T19:16:20.281-04:00</updated><title type='text'>Back from Venezuela...</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;After a two-week visit, I have a few stories to tell about Venezuela but it will be later on.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3414960952996672974-7622241661288287484?l=samuelsotillo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/feeds/7622241661288287484/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3414960952996672974&amp;postID=7622241661288287484' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/7622241661288287484'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/7622241661288287484'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/2009/08/back-from-venezuela.html' title='Back from Venezuela...'/><author><name>Samuel F. Sotillo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05537777895508725811</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='23' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/Sz5wwg8NUDI/AAAAAAAAAFk/Wv-1zeDTddA/S220/me+7b.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3414960952996672974.post-1912069761550025210</id><published>2009-07-15T10:55:00.001-04:00</published><updated>2009-07-15T19:41:37.565-04:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Foucault'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='death'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='euthanasia'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Sir Edward Downes'/><title type='text'>'Till death do us part (hasta que la muerte nos separe)</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Downes"&gt;Sir Edward Downes&lt;/a&gt; was a renowned British opera conductor with whom I shared the same passion for &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi"&gt;Verdi's&lt;/a&gt; Operas. For many years, Sir Edward championed Verdi's repertoire from his position as director of the famous London's &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Opera_House"&gt;Royal Opera House&lt;/a&gt; (best known as &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;Covent Garden&lt;/span&gt;, after the famous &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covent_Garden"&gt;London's district&lt;/a&gt;). In that capacity, he rendered many of Verdi's less known works--for instance, the following sneak-pick from the overture of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stiffelio"&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;Stiffelio&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;object height="344" width="425"&gt;&lt;param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/APvZwj7dQ2c&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;fs=1&amp;amp;"&gt;&lt;param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"&gt;&lt;param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"&gt;&lt;embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/APvZwj7dQ2c&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;fs=1&amp;amp;" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" height="344" width="425"&gt;&lt;/embed&gt;&lt;/object&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;In any case, Sir Edward recently died, along with her wife of 54 years, Lady Joan. The circumstances of their passing have become somehow controversial. According to a &lt;a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/15/world/europe/15britain.html?_r=1&amp;amp;th&amp;amp;emc=th"&gt;recent report&lt;/a&gt;, Sir Edward and his terminally ill wife traveled to &lt;a href="http://www.zuerich.com/en/welcome.cfm"&gt;Zurich&lt;/a&gt;, where they gathered their children and then drank some liquid, "before lying down on adjacent beds, holding hands." A few minutes later, the couple went to a deep sleep and finally passed away, quietly.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;We now know that they traveled to Switzerland to get assistance from a well-known &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euthanasia"&gt;euthanasia&lt;/a&gt; group, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dignitas_%28euthanasia_group%29"&gt;Dignitas&lt;/a&gt;. And that's precisely what makes their passing controversial. Sir Edward and his wife decided to act against what (say) is the &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;normal course of action&lt;/span&gt;&amp;#151;, or, in the &lt;a href="http://www.religion-online.org/showarticle.asp?title=548"&gt;words of a philosopher-priest&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;According to Christian beliefs, the sovereignty of God and the human responsibility for stewardship limit our freedom to control life. God has absolute dominion over life, and we share in that dominion only as limited creatures [...] The Judeo-Christian opposition to [euthanasia and assisted dying] is a part of its general opposition to making autonomy an absolute value. Freedom lies not just in having control but also in submitting to what cannot be controlled. We exercise freedom by accepting ourselves as creatures of God and by admitting our powerlessness before death.&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Under such a premise, Sir Edward was expected to do, for instance, what actor &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_O%27Neal"&gt;Ryan O'Neil&lt;/a&gt; did recently. O'Neil's stayed by the side of his girlfriend of many years, actress &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farrah_Fawcett"&gt;Farrah Fawcett&lt;/a&gt;, who died a few weeks ago of cancer. Although O'Neil also has cancer, he did not take his life to accompany his loving companion in her last trip. Rather, he decided to stay and tell her goodbye&amp;#151;and, of course, that's OK as well!&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;We may ask ourselves: why didn't Sir Edward do the same? I don't know! We don't know. All we know is that Sir Edward was 85 (O' Neil is 68, by the way); although not terminally ill, he was not in the best of conditions. Also, his wife Joan was his companion of "54 happy years," and that's according to the couple's own children.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;And, if we think about it carefully, we need to re-work our question. After all, what else could we expect from a passionate fan of Verdi?  If I remember well, Verdi's Operas are about one thing more than anything else&amp;#151;they are about &lt;a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0801494281"&gt;&lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt;sacrifice&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. Just remember the sacrifice of Violeta (&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_traviata"&gt;La Traviata&lt;/a&gt;), who knows her death is coming (tuberculosis) but prefers to sacrifice her love for Alfredo and save him the pain of seeing her dying. Opera is about sacrifice, about &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tosca"&gt;Tosca&lt;/a&gt; jumping down a cliff minutes after realizing she has been betrayed, that Caravadossi was gunned down by Scarpia's guards. That's why Opera is the greatest manifestation of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanticism"&gt;Romanticism&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Therefore, if we consider that Sir Edward lived all her life under the spell of Opera, we need to ask ourselves: what else was left for him, for a man who so passionately loved listen to those wonderful stories about love and sacrifice? What else was left for an 85-year old man who loved his wife so much and believed his life was in fact over once she was gone? Honestly, I don't know the answer. I hope you all do.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3414960952996672974-1912069761550025210?l=samuelsotillo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/feeds/1912069761550025210/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3414960952996672974&amp;postID=1912069761550025210' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/1912069761550025210'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/1912069761550025210'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/2009/07/till-death-do-us-part-hasta-que-la.html' title='&apos;Till death do us part (hasta que la muerte nos separe)'/><author><name>Samuel F. Sotillo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05537777895508725811</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='23' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/Sz5wwg8NUDI/AAAAAAAAAFk/Wv-1zeDTddA/S220/me+7b.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3414960952996672974.post-6328103762083022711</id><published>2009-07-11T10:59:00.000-04:00</published><updated>2009-07-11T12:29:40.770-04:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Latino America'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='society'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='racism'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Culture'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='post-racial'/><title type='text'>Something fishy from the city of brotherly love</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;Recent &lt;a href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/allison-kilkenny/philadelphia-private-swim_b_228253.html"&gt;news&lt;/a&gt; about a race-related incident in Philadelphia make me re-think the whole question of whether we live in a &lt;a href="http://www.truthout.org/042709A"&gt;post-racial society&lt;/a&gt;. As a minority myself, I know first hand what is behind the &lt;a href="http://www.philly.com/philly/news/breaking/20090710_Pool_president__Safety__not_race__is_the_issue.html"&gt;"change [our] complexion" argument&lt;/a&gt;. After all, haven't we heard before that same argument coming from both &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_conservatism"&gt;Conservatives&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleoconservatism"&gt;Paleoconservatists&lt;/a&gt; against Latinos all around the country, against the way these new immigrants are changing the "complexion" of "their" towns, cities, and schools? Or, by any chance, are &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rush_Limbaugh"&gt;Rush Limbaugh&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou_Dobbs"&gt;Lou Dobbs&lt;/a&gt; out of the air already?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;I understand that &lt;a href="http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/commentary/la-oe-steele5-2008nov05,0,6553798.story"&gt;the election of our first minority president&lt;/a&gt; may be considered by some as a very important step toward such an ideal of a post-racial America. Unfortunately, all that is just "best wishes." On that matter, Nigerian-American author, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzodinma_Iweala"&gt;Uzodinma Iweala&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://articles.latimes.com/2008/jan/23/opinion/oe-iweala23"&gt;wrote an interesting article&lt;/a&gt; last year about the non-sense behind the post-racial narrative. Then, he said:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;One need only observe the prosecution of the Duke University lacrosse team or the Jena Six, the debate about race-based affirmative action and the atrocity that was and is Hurricane Katrina to know that racial issues are still with us. The desire that the subject of race be set aside in the current "post-racial" political conversation shows that society is unwilling to openly face its worst fear: Not only could a black man ably lead this nation, but the mere fact of a black president would force both the majority and minority populations to reset our parameters for normality.&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;Some (perhaps many) white Americans don't think it's normal for a black person to be successful; their stereotypes can't accommodate the fact of a black person having gone to Harvard and achieved some prominence. As an African American writer, I am reminded of this each time I finish a reading, when without fail a white person overzealously praises my speaking ability. The most recent version of this was a 15-year-old high school student who was amazed that I had actually attended college.&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;Iweala is right. Much like him, I face everyday the side-effects of such a &lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt;reset of normality&lt;/span&gt; that a successful minority population represents to a substantial majority. Yes, I have seen that look so many times: who the hell is this Latino guy who pretends to know more than me, anyway, who pretends to tell me what to do?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;At this point, I should tell the story of a colleague teaching an introductory foreign-language class at a local college. Having a very diverse class, with African-American students side by side to African students, she was amazed by the fact that her African-American students were struggling really hard while her African students were among the best of the school. After listening to her story, I asked myself: what it says about us, the richest and most powerful nation on Earth, that we fail so miserably to educate part of our own population and, worse yet, that &lt;a href="http://epicpolicy.org/newsletter/2009/03/blame-school-achievement-gap-misplaced"&gt;we blame that failure&lt;/a&gt; on those same students, on their communities and, ultimately, on their skin color, eye-shape, pocket-size or accent?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;What's happening in Philadelphia is a reminder of that dynamics so deeply embedded in our society. We are not in a post-racial society, not just yet!&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3414960952996672974-6328103762083022711?l=samuelsotillo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/feeds/6328103762083022711/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3414960952996672974&amp;postID=6328103762083022711' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/6328103762083022711'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/6328103762083022711'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/2009/07/something-fishy-from-city-of-brotherly.html' title='Something fishy from the city of brotherly love'/><author><name>Samuel F. Sotillo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05537777895508725811</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='23' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/Sz5wwg8NUDI/AAAAAAAAAFk/Wv-1zeDTddA/S220/me+7b.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3414960952996672974.post-8290680980485009782</id><published>2009-06-21T11:08:00.001-04:00</published><updated>2009-06-21T12:39:48.643-04:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Neruda'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Il Postino'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Margot Benacerraf'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Cine'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Ateneo Caracas'/><title type='text'>Tributo a la estupidez</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;Me acabo de enterar que &lt;a href="http://www.entornointeligente.com/resumen/resumen.php?items=892383"&gt;han cerrado&lt;/a&gt; la &lt;a href="http://www.analitica.com/va/arte/dossier/4576527.asp"&gt;Sala Margot Benacerraf&lt;/a&gt; del &lt;a href="http://www.ateneodecaracas.org/"&gt;Ateneo de Caracas&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Es difícil poner en palabras la tristeza que esta noticia me deja. Las razones, si es que cabe la palabra, tienen que ver con la decisión de expulsar al Ateneo de su sede para ceder el espacio a la &lt;a href="http://www.venelogia.com/archivos/2433/"&gt;Universidad Experimental de las Artes&lt;/a&gt;. Sea cual sea la razon (o razones), no deja de ser motivo de gran pena.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt; Del Ateneo, tengo recuerdos memorables. Recuerdos de mis años universitarios, mis años de &lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt;cineclubista&lt;/span&gt;, cuando nos escapábamos en autobús a la capital, en medio de exámenes, agobiados por pesadillas sobre campos vectoriales u ondas guiadas. Eran tiempos de desahogo para &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerd"&gt;nerds&lt;/a&gt;, para irse a visitar las galerías, a ver algún Picasso tropicalizado u oler las momias ecuestres de un &lt;a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/miguel-von-dangel-1"&gt;Von Dangel&lt;/a&gt;. A veces, la excusa era algún concierto con la &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orquesta_Sinf%C3%B3nica_Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar"&gt;Sinfónica Simón Bolivar&lt;/a&gt; en el &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teresa_Carre%C3%B1o_Cultural_Complex"&gt;Teresa Carreño&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;En esos tiempos, siempre había dos paradas obligadas. La primera: a la librería Monte Ávila, donde nos gastábamos los &lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt;churupitos&lt;/span&gt; que no teníamos, nuestra ración de viandas para pagar en el comedor universitario, lo dábamos todo a nuestro altar de libros.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;La segunda: al Ateneo, a la Sala Benacerraf. Allí, como suerte de ventana a un mundo lejano y cercano, como las películas de &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wim_Wenders"&gt;Wenders&lt;/a&gt;, nos lanzábamos algún maratón de películas. Recuerdo uno sobre &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingmar_Bergman"&gt;Bergman&lt;/a&gt;, con &lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt;Fresas salvajes&lt;/span&gt; y &lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt;El séptimo Sello&lt;/span&gt; y otras que ahorita no recuerdo. Recuerdo también aquella oportunidad en que vimos a &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pablo_Neruda"&gt;Neruda&lt;/a&gt; practicar su italiano con acento francés en &lt;a href="http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0110877/"&gt;Il Postino&lt;/a&gt;. De ésta última, recuerdo como si fuera hoy, la gente levantándose de sus asientos para aplaudir la imagen de un &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massimo_Troisi"&gt;Troisi&lt;/a&gt; heroico en la escena final (sí, aplaudir y vitorear estaba permitido en la Benacerraf). Ya todos sabíamos de su destino, el de Troisi, de su muerte desafortunada y a destiempo, y allí estábamos todos, puros desconocidos pero hermanados por su arte, miles de kilómetros distantes de sus restos humanos, celebrándolo. Y es curioso, Troisi murió el 4 de Junio de 1994; la Benacerraf cerró sus puertas el pasado 4 de Junio del 2009. ¡Sí, si sólo lo hubiésemos sabido entonces!&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3414960952996672974-8290680980485009782?l=samuelsotillo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/feeds/8290680980485009782/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3414960952996672974&amp;postID=8290680980485009782' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/8290680980485009782'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/8290680980485009782'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/2009/06/tributo-la-estupidez.html' title='Tributo a la estupidez'/><author><name>Samuel F. Sotillo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05537777895508725811</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='23' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/Sz5wwg8NUDI/AAAAAAAAAFk/Wv-1zeDTddA/S220/me+7b.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3414960952996672974.post-8029466931596485831</id><published>2009-06-16T09:04:00.000-04:00</published><updated>2009-06-21T11:07:18.284-04:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Bloomsday'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Modernism'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Ulysses'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='James Joyce'/><title type='text'>Celebrating the book I have never read</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/SjecciPqKiI/AAAAAAAAAFA/sgcORVhXuTI/s1600-h/UlyssesCover.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="float:right; margin:0 0 10px 10px;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 156px; height: 200px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/SjecciPqKiI/AAAAAAAAAFA/sgcORVhXuTI/s200/UlyssesCover.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5347915096568506914" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Bloggers usually post about the books they have read. Today, June 16 or &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomsday"&gt;Bloomsday&lt;/a&gt;, I prefer to post about the book I have never read, though I have really tried... so many times.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.fordham.edu/academics/programs_at_fordham_/english/resources/joyce_studies_annual/index.asp?wt.mc_id=joycestudiesannual"&gt;James Joyce&lt;/a&gt;'s &lt;a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/4300"&gt;Ulysses&lt;/a&gt; is one of the great novels of the 20th Century but, at the same time, one of the most challenging to read and follow through by an &lt;a href="http://www.bnkst.edu/literacyguide/ell.html"&gt;ELL&lt;/a&gt; like myself. With &lt;a href="http://http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulysses_(novel)"&gt;260,000+ words from a vocabulary of 30,000+&lt;/a&gt;, Ulysses uses the quintessential &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernism"&gt;modernist&lt;/a&gt; techniques: &lt;a href="http://http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stream_of_consciousness_(narrative_mode)"&gt;stream of consciousness&lt;/a&gt;, complex structuring, puns, allegories, allusions, parodies, etc. etc.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;I got my copy, an &lt;a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0199535671?ie=UTF8&amp;tag=cibernetica&amp;linkCode=as2&amp;camp=1789&amp;creative=390957&amp;creativeASIN=0199535671"&gt;Oxford World's Classics edition&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=cibernetica&amp;l=as2&amp;o=1&amp;a=0199535671" width="1" height="1" border="0" alt="" style="border:none !important; margin:0px !important;" /&gt;, from a friend who spent a year living in England and brought it to me as a gift. I got it more than a decade ago. Since then, I have started the novel about six times and never gone beyond the first hundreds or so pages. What a shame!&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3414960952996672974-8029466931596485831?l=samuelsotillo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/feeds/8029466931596485831/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3414960952996672974&amp;postID=8029466931596485831' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/8029466931596485831'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/8029466931596485831'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/2009/06/celebrating-book-i-have-never-read.html' title='Celebrating the book I have never read'/><author><name>Samuel F. Sotillo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05537777895508725811</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='23' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/Sz5wwg8NUDI/AAAAAAAAAFk/Wv-1zeDTddA/S220/me+7b.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/SjecciPqKiI/AAAAAAAAAFA/sgcORVhXuTI/s72-c/UlyssesCover.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3414960952996672974.post-4336046639635071365</id><published>2009-06-02T21:38:00.000-04:00</published><updated>2009-06-05T13:08:38.552-04:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Borges'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Literatura'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='teoría crítica'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Volpi'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Bolaño'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Ignatius H. Berry'/><title type='text'>Ignatius H. Berry y la literatura del segundo Boom latinoamericano</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;En un &lt;a href="http://www.jstor.org/pss/4531302"&gt;ensayo&lt;/a&gt; aparecido hace algunos años, el escritor mexicano &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorge_Volpi"&gt;Jorge Volpi&lt;/a&gt; cita una obra del crítico estadounidense &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignatius_Hieronymus_Berry"&gt;Ignatius Hieronymus Berry&lt;/a&gt; titulada "Cincuenta años de la literatura hispánica, 2005-2055: un canon imposible", en la cual se acusa a los escritores del segundo &lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt;Boom&lt;/span&gt; latinoamericano de haber contribuido a la decadencia de la literatura de la región; más que nada debido a su "autocomplacencia"y a su actitud sumisa ante los caprichos del mercado literario global.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Para Berry, los escritores latinoamericanos de principios del siglo XXI fueron culpables de dejarse fascinar por los cantos de sirenas del &lt;a href="http://www.businessweek.com/2000/00_45/b3706001.htm"&gt;capitalismo globalizador&lt;/a&gt;, abandonando en consecuencia la tradición original y universalista de escritores como &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Rulfo"&gt;Juan Rulfo&lt;/a&gt; y &lt;a href="http://http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorge_Luis_Borges"&gt;Jorge Luis Borges&lt;/a&gt;. Es decir que, y ya sin eufemismos, según Berry, escritores tales como el mismísimo &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorge_Volpi"&gt;Volpi&lt;/a&gt;, el chileno-estadounidense &lt;a href="alberto fuguet"&gt;Alberto Fuguet&lt;/a&gt; y chileno-mexicano-español &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_Bolaño"&gt;Roberto Bolaño&lt;/a&gt;, se vendieron.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Cabe preguntarse si Berry está en lo cierto o no. Quizás, sólo el tiempo lo sepa.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3414960952996672974-4336046639635071365?l=samuelsotillo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/feeds/4336046639635071365/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3414960952996672974&amp;postID=4336046639635071365' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/4336046639635071365'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/4336046639635071365'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/2009/06/ignatius-h-berry-y-la-literatura-del.html' title='Ignatius H. Berry y la literatura del segundo &lt;em&gt;Boom&lt;/em&gt; latinoamericano'/><author><name>Samuel F. Sotillo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05537777895508725811</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='23' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/Sz5wwg8NUDI/AAAAAAAAAFk/Wv-1zeDTddA/S220/me+7b.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3414960952996672974.post-5181034828704377464</id><published>2009-05-21T17:10:00.000-04:00</published><updated>2009-05-22T15:33:38.720-04:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Literatura'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='teoría crítica'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Latino America'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Benedetti'/><title type='text'>Benedetti y nuestra literatura</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/ShXe8gMkifI/AAAAAAAAAEI/fX5p0yD5W-o/s1600-h/150px-Mario_Benedetti.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="float:right; margin:0 0 10px 10px;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 150px; height: 176px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/ShXe8gMkifI/AAAAAAAAAEI/fX5p0yD5W-o/s200/150px-Mario_Benedetti.jpg" border="0" alt="Mario Benedetti" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5338418064333769202" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Además de un excelente poeta, narrador y activista político, Mario Benedetti fue también un respetable teórico literario. Por ejemplo, él fue uno de los primeros en plantear la necesidad de buscar alternativas de autointerpretación de nuestras literaturas.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;En 1972, como parte de una colección titulada &lt;a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/968230136X?ie=UTF8&amp;amp;tag=cibernetica&amp;amp;linkCode=as2&amp;amp;camp=1789&amp;amp;creative=390957&amp;amp;creativeASIN=968230136X"&gt;América Latina en su Literatura&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=cibernetica&amp;amp;l=as2&amp;amp;o=1&amp;amp;a=968230136X" alt="" style="border: medium none  ! important; margin: 0px ! important;" border="0" height="1" width="1" /&gt;, Benedetti publicó un ensayo donde discute los "Temas y problemas" que, según su entender, aquejaban a nuestras literaturas. Allí Benedetti plantea con lucidez la "necesidad de una autointerpretación", de buscar caminos interpretativos propios y distantes de aquellos que provenían de otras latitudes; principalmente, de Europa.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Para él, el peligro residía en cierta tendencia de algunos escritores de asumir actitudes "autocolonizantes" comunes a los de esos "comentaristas de lo literario" que abundan en los diarios y otros medios latinoamericanos. En otras palabras, él advertía sobre el peligro que enfrentaban ciertos escritores latinoamericanos que parecían más atentos a "merecer" una buena crítica (gringa o europea) "que a las necesidades internas de toda obra de arte".&lt;/p&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://www.cubaliteraria.cu/autor/roberto_f_retamar/index.html"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0pt 0pt 10px 10px; float: right; cursor: pointer; width: 139px; height: 200px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/ShXdS4UhXmI/AAAAAAAAAD4/GXJNb9rWwVU/s200/retrato_retamar.jpg" alt="Roberto Fernández Retamar" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5338416249743433314" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81ngel_Rama"&gt;&lt;img style="float:right; margin:0 0 10px 10px;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 122px; height: 200px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/ShXeZEvrLEI/AAAAAAAAAEA/0GPgmOGX0UE/s200/240px-%C3%81ngel_Rama.jpg" border="0" alt="Ángel Rama" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5338417455669390402" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;p&gt;Por más de un cuarto de siglo, las palabras de Benedetti resonaron en varios de nuestros mejores teóricos de lo literario, incluidos el peruano &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Cornejo-Polar"&gt;Antonio Cornejo Polar&lt;/a&gt;, el uruguayo &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81ngel_Rama"&gt;Ángel Rama&lt;/a&gt;, el cubano &lt;a href="http://www.cubaliteraria.cu/autor/roberto_f_retamar/index.html%5C"&gt;Roberto Fernández Retamar&lt;/a&gt;, y el argentino Alejandro Losada, entre otros, quienes durante esos años intentaron crear un modelo auto-interpretativo que llenara el vacío denunciado por Benedetti.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Cornejo-Polar"&gt;&lt;img style="float:left; margin:0 10px 10px 0;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 119px; height: 150px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/ShXhiekmNYI/AAAAAAAAAEY/Ce7Xu1nBi30/s320/cornejo.jpg" border="0" alt="Antonio Cornejo Polar"id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5338420915755955586" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;p&gt; Hoy día sabemos que ese proyecto fracasó, como bien lo explica el mismo Cornejo Polar en un &lt;a href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/4531050"&gt;ensayo&lt;/a&gt; publicado en su &lt;a href="http://www.dartmouth.edu/%7Ercll/"&gt;Revista de Crítica Literaria Latinoamericana&lt;/a&gt; en 1999. En este ensayo, Cornejo Polar reconoce que mucho del fracaso se debió a "la suposición de que la literatura latinoamericana es una y coherente" y que, además, "transportaba" los signos de una identidad igualmente "globalizante".&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Más interesante, sin embargo, es otro &lt;a href="http://wwwjstor.org/stable/4530960"&gt;ensayo &lt;/a&gt;de Cornejo Polar donde advierte en torno al abuso que durante años se hizo de categorías y "préstamos metafóricos" tomados de otras disciplinas. Y digo interesante, porque Benedetti también escribió un &lt;a href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/4531075"&gt;ensayo&lt;/a&gt;, que publicaron en la misma revista, donde reflexiona sobre las palabras de Cornejo Polar.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Para Benedetti, mucho del problema radica en "ese esquemático, erróneo y limitado enfoque de las letra hispanoamericanas" que permea "el medio académico estadounidense". El hecho mismo de que mucha de nuestra crítica esté mayormente escrita en otro idioma, el inglés, tal y como advierte Cornejo Polar, es para Benedetti motivo de mucha preocupación. En cierta forma, sugiere Cornejo Polar y cita Benedetti, pareciera que se ha creado un &lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teor%C3%ADa_de_la_dependencia"&gt;ciclo de dependencia&lt;/a&gt; donde la literatura latinoamericana se convierte en materia prima que luego de viajar a los centros de producción académicos estadounidenses o europeos, regresa a nosotros convertida "en artefactos críticos sofisticados".&lt;/p&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Carlos_Onetti"&gt;&lt;img style="float:left; margin:0 10px 10px 0;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 95px; height: 136px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/ShXffLYWBMI/AAAAAAAAAEQ/fIbAQR6sHJI/s320/onetti_1.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5338418660041426114" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;p&gt;De allí a que se den fenómenos extraños como el ocurrido al uruguayo &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Carlos_Onetti"&gt;Juan Carlos Onetti, &lt;/a&gt;quien, dice Benedetti, en los años '80s y a raiz de recibir el &lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premio_Cervantes"&gt;Cervantes&lt;/a&gt;, fue acribillado "por expertos en lingüística, intertextualismo, semiótica, postmodernismo, deconstruccionismo, teoría del simulacro y otras modalidades del actual esperanto crítico". Y, claro está, el "esperanto crítico" no fue escrito en &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanto"&gt;esperanto&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt; ni en &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;español&lt;/span&gt; sino, mayoritariamente, en &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;inglés&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;(¿Y no es eso precisamente lo que &lt;a href="http://www.nplusonemag.com/bola-o"&gt;está ocurriendo&lt;/a&gt; hoy día con la obra del chileno &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_Bola%C3%B1o"&gt;Roberto Bolaño&lt;/a&gt;, a quien la crítica estadounidense ha canonizado de manera similar a como hiciera con Onetti en los '80s y con &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._G._Sebald"&gt;W.G. Sebald&lt;/a&gt; en los '90s? Para dar un ejemplo de ello, ¿no es acaso preocupante que a Bolaño se le conoce hoy día más por lo que de él escriben críticos y estudiosos que lo han leído en traducción que por lo que escriben aquellos que lo leen en su lengua original?)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Benedetti termina su ensayo con otro llamado a luchar, uno similar a aquel que en 1972 iniciara el proyecto de búsqueda de una "autointerpretación" de las literaturas hispanoamericanas. Siguiendo en esto a Cornejo Polar, Benedetti nos invita a "liberarnos de esa hegemonía", la que imponen esos artefactos críticos hechos en inglés, "el lenguaje de la hegemonía que habla de por sí de lo marginal, subalterno, poscolonial". ¿Qué mejor tributo puede haber para este ilustre latinoamericano (&lt;a href="http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/2009/05/benedetti-y-la-vida-ese-parentesis.html"&gt;recientemente fallecido&lt;/a&gt;) sino aceptar su llamado y comenzar ahora, de una vez por todas, nuestra "liberación" cultural?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3414960952996672974-5181034828704377464?l=samuelsotillo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/feeds/5181034828704377464/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3414960952996672974&amp;postID=5181034828704377464' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/5181034828704377464'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/5181034828704377464'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/2009/05/benedetti-y-nuestra-literatura.html' title='Benedetti y nuestra literatura'/><author><name>Samuel F. Sotillo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05537777895508725811</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='23' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/Sz5wwg8NUDI/AAAAAAAAAFk/Wv-1zeDTddA/S220/me+7b.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/ShXe8gMkifI/AAAAAAAAAEI/fX5p0yD5W-o/s72-c/150px-Mario_Benedetti.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3414960952996672974.post-2050725115223535099</id><published>2009-05-19T09:56:00.000-04:00</published><updated>2009-05-19T10:20:45.709-04:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Miranda'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Latino America'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='venezuela'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Benedetti'/><title type='text'>Recordando a Benedetti</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;El año antepasado, el gobierno venezolano le otorgó a Mario Benedetti la &lt;a href="http://venciclopedia.com/index.php?title=Orden_Francisco_de_Miranda"&gt;Orden Francisco de Miranda&lt;/a&gt;. Un poco antes, en Agosto del mismo año, la televisora del estado venezolano le entrevistó para el programa Librería Mediática.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;A continuación un video del momento en que se le entrega a Benedetti la condecoración:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;object height="245" width="320"&gt;&lt;param name="movie" value="http://www.dailymotion.com/swf/x9bp7m_benedetti-recibe-la-orden-francisco_news&amp;amp;related=0"&gt;&lt;param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"&gt;&lt;param name="allowScriptAccess" value="always"&gt;&lt;embed src="http://www.dailymotion.com/swf/x9bp7m_benedetti-recibe-la-orden-francisco_news&amp;amp;related=0" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowfullscreen="true" allowscriptaccess="always" height="245" width="320"&gt;&lt;/embed&gt;&lt;/object&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;Benedetti recibe la Orden Francisco de Miranda&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;La &lt;a href="http://www.vtv.gob.ve/videos-emisiones-anteriores/18197"&gt;entrevista&lt;/a&gt;, sin duda, interesante, aunque algo improvisada. Benedetti habla de la ciudad, de la política en Latino América y algo sobre sus lecturas, el arte de escritor y el cine. Interesa escuchar su posición en torno a los cambios políticos que vive Latino América, su postura podría interpretarse como crítica en cuanto a que prefiere suponer que cada proceso tiene sus peculiaridades, una forma de evadir opiniones sobre cada proceso en particular.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3414960952996672974-2050725115223535099?l=samuelsotillo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/feeds/2050725115223535099/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3414960952996672974&amp;postID=2050725115223535099' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/2050725115223535099'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/2050725115223535099'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/2009/05/recordando-benedetti.html' title='Recordando a Benedetti'/><author><name>Samuel F. Sotillo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05537777895508725811</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='23' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/Sz5wwg8NUDI/AAAAAAAAAFk/Wv-1zeDTddA/S220/me+7b.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3414960952996672974.post-3350603356590373667</id><published>2009-05-18T13:01:00.000-04:00</published><updated>2009-05-19T09:34:19.224-04:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Literatura'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Latino America'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Uruguay'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Benedetti'/><title type='text'>Benedetti y la vida, ese paréntesis</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://www.cubaheadlines.com/"&gt;&lt;img style="float:right; margin:0 0 10px 10px;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 250px; height: 147px;" src="http://www.cubaheadlines.com/files/cubaheadlines.com/imagenes/benedeti.jpg" border="0" alt="" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Ayer &lt;a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/8055181.stm"&gt;murió en Montevideo, Uruguay, el maestro Mario Benedetti&lt;/a&gt;. Da la casualidad que en días pasados leía una &lt;a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/175218444&amp;referer=brief_results"&gt;obra reciente&lt;/a&gt; sobre él, una antología de escritos en torno a su poesía y a su compromiso político.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Sin duda, una pérdida terrible para nuestra Latinoamérica. Tierra rica en poetas y visionarios, se queda ahora sin uno de sus mejores y más lúcidos.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Para mí, no hay mejor forma de celebrar la vida de un poeta que con su poesía. He aquí una muestra, quizás pertinente, que nos habla de ese paréntesis que llamamos vida, que en el caso del maestro Benedetti se extendiera por ochenta y ocho años:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;Cuando el no ser queda en suspenso&lt;br /&gt;se abre la vida ese paréntesis&lt;br /&gt;con un vagido universal de hambre&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;somos hambrientos desde el vamos&lt;br /&gt;y lo seremos hasta el vámonos&lt;br /&gt;después de mucho descubrir&lt;br /&gt;y brevemente amar y acostumbrarnos&lt;br /&gt;a la fallida eternidad&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;la vida se clausura en vida&lt;br /&gt;la vida ese paréntesis&lt;br /&gt;también se cierra incurre&lt;br /&gt;en un vagido universal&lt;br /&gt;el último&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;y entonces sólo entonces&lt;br /&gt;el no ser sigue para siempre&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3414960952996672974-3350603356590373667?l=samuelsotillo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/feeds/3350603356590373667/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3414960952996672974&amp;postID=3350603356590373667' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/3350603356590373667'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/3350603356590373667'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/2009/05/benedetti-y-la-vida-ese-parentesis.html' title='Benedetti y la vida, ese paréntesis'/><author><name>Samuel F. Sotillo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05537777895508725811</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='23' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/Sz5wwg8NUDI/AAAAAAAAAFk/Wv-1zeDTddA/S220/me+7b.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3414960952996672974.post-3458907012204631829</id><published>2009-03-11T20:53:00.000-04:00</published><updated>2009-03-11T21:31:28.224-04:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Latino America'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='novela'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Bolaño'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='literature'/><title type='text'>Otras dos de Bolaño</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;El diario catalán &lt;a href="http://www.lavanguardia.es/cultura/noticias/20090307/53654079845/el-archivo-de-roberto-bolano-contiene-dos-novelas-ineditas-bolano-barcelona-mexico-blanes-roberto-bo.html"&gt;La Vaguardia reportó&lt;/a&gt; recientemente que se han encontrado dos nuevas novelas de Bolaño, que se añaden a &lt;a href="http://www.elperiodico.com/default.asp?idpublicacio_PK=46&amp;idioma=CAS&amp;idnoticia_PK=553418&amp;idseccio_PK=1013"&gt;una tercera&lt;/a&gt; que fuera anunciada en la pasada feria del libro de Fráncfort, la que tiene, además (¿por qué no decirlo?), el emblemático título de: &lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt;El Tercer Reich&lt;/span&gt;. ¿Qué más podríamos esperar de Bolaño?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;En todo caso, estas dos nuevas novelas, aparentemente títuladas &lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt;Diorama&lt;/span&gt;, la primera, y &lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt;Los sinsabores del verdadero policía o Asesinos de Sonora&lt;/span&gt;, la segunda, demuestran la capacidad creativa ilimitada de Bolaño.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Curiosamente, la última parece era parte de una sexta entrega para la obra póstuma de Bolaño, el bíblico &lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt;2666&lt;/span&gt;. La misma provee claves que ayudan a entender ciertos aspectos sin resolver en la versión actual de la novela.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3414960952996672974-3458907012204631829?l=samuelsotillo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/feeds/3458907012204631829/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3414960952996672974&amp;postID=3458907012204631829' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/3458907012204631829'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/3458907012204631829'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/2009/03/otras-dos-de-bolano.html' title='Otras dos de Bolaño'/><author><name>Samuel F. Sotillo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05537777895508725811</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='23' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/Sz5wwg8NUDI/AAAAAAAAAFk/Wv-1zeDTddA/S220/me+7b.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3414960952996672974.post-8237148044255371395</id><published>2009-03-02T12:21:00.000-05:00</published><updated>2009-05-18T14:15:48.897-04:00</updated><title type='text'>Bolaño: entre la ficción y la realidad</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;Recientemente, el NYT publicó un &lt;a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/28/books/28bola.html?pagewanted=all"&gt;artículo&lt;/a&gt; de &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Rohter"&gt;Larry Rohte&lt;/a&gt;r donde se discute la veracidad de ciertos hechos en torno a la vida del chileno Roberto Bolaño.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/SawvoynQXUI/AAAAAAAAADw/pnh2J5aXGDc/s1600-h/roberto-bolano.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="float:right; margin:0 0 10px 10px;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 169px; height: 200px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/SawvoynQXUI/AAAAAAAAADw/pnh2J5aXGDc/s200/roberto-bolano.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5308670438590668098" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;p&gt;Particularmente problemático son dos afirmaciones que se han convertido como una suerte de lugar común en las reseñas periodística y aún académicas escritas en torno a la obra y la vida de Bolaño. La primera, la idea de que él fuera un adicto a la heroína y que su "&lt;a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/28/books/28bola.html?pagewanted=all"&gt;unspecified liver ailment&lt;/a&gt;", el que últimadamente reclamara su vida, estaba asociado, de algún modo, a esa vieja adicción. La segunda, quizás más seria dada su importancia simbólica y aún &lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt;comercial&lt;/span&gt;, se centra en el presumible hecho histórico de que Bolaño alguna vez estuvo en Chile en los trágicos días postreros del gobierno de Allende, y que, de hecho, Bolaño mismo hubiese estado preso durante el caos que siguió a la caída de dicho gobierno.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;El comentario de Rohter llama la atención porque el mismo ilustra el interés que Bolaño, el escritor, despierta en la crítica estadounidense, la cual, a veces, pareciera más interesada en la vida del autor que en su propia obra. Después de todo, recordemos que, como &lt;a href="http://www.larazon.es/noticia/bolano-camina-hacia-hollywood"&gt;diría el español Ignacio Echevarría&lt;/a&gt;, Bolaño es "un escritor excelente" que, "a diferencia de otros tan excelentes como él [...] ha tocado teclas que son más sensibles".&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Sobre el particular, Gustavo Faverón-Patriau, bloguero y profesor de &lt;a href="http://www.bowdoin.edu/spanish/faculty/index.shtml"&gt;Bowdoin College&lt;/a&gt;, nos &lt;a href="http://puenteareo1.blogspot.com/search?q=bolano"&gt;explica en uno de sus blogs&lt;/a&gt; que esta fascinación por la vida, real o imaginaria, de Bolaño se explica por esa curiosidad que el lector y estudioso anglo-sajón siente por el autor como individuo, "en su intimidad, en el retiro". Para Faverón-Patriau,&lt;/p&gt; &lt;blockquote&gt;El escritor interesa en España [y] en América Latina, en tanto figura en la sociedad, en su relación con la esfera pública, como partícipe de la comunidad y actor en el ágora abierta.&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;Lo cual no deja de ser cierto, si consideramos que muchos de nuestros escritores más famosos, me refiero antes del &lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt;Boom&lt;/span&gt;, lo eran precisamente por su figuración en la vida pública, las más de las veces como políticos destacados o hasta presidentes de alguna república (de allí la larga tradición de nuestros &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domingo_Faustino_Sarmiento"&gt;Sarmientos&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B3mulo_Gallegos"&gt;Gallegos&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Vargas_Llosa"&gt;Vargas Llosas&lt;/a&gt;, etc.).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Sin embargo, quizás esta actitud nuestra hacia el escritor esté también cambiando. Y no me refiero sólo a Bolaño sino también a los escritores del &lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt;Boom&lt;/span&gt;. El mismo &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angel_Rama"&gt;Angel Rama&lt;/a&gt;, en varias de sus reflexiones sobre el papel del escritor latinoamericano (particularmente en &lt;a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0317041142?ie=UTF8&amp;tag=ssblog05-20&amp;linkCode=as2&amp;camp=1789&amp;creative=9325&amp;creativeASIN=0317041142"&gt;La Novela Latinoamericana: Panoramas 1920-1980&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=ssblog05-20&amp;l=as2&amp;o=1&amp;a=0317041142" width="1" height="1" border="0" alt="" style="border:none !important; margin:0px !important;"/&gt;), ya nos advertía de esa transformación.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Ahora bien, lo que si debe preocuparnos, y con ello me refiero a los lectores y críticos latinoamericanos, es la posibilidad de que, como bien nota Faverón-Patriau en otro de sus &lt;a href="http://puenteareo1.blogspot.com/2008/11/bolao-y-la-herona.html"&gt;posts&lt;/a&gt;, sea la crítica anglo-sajona (y otras) la que determine nuestra relación con nuestros escritores y su intimidad. Ya antes nos pasó algo parecido cuando a los escritores del &lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt;Boom&lt;/span&gt; se les encasquetara ese término incómodo de "realismo mágico", que aún hoy día los persigue cual Llorona que persigue adúlteros impenitentes en medio de nuestros llanos de soledades literarias. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt; En todo caso, volviendo a Bolaño, sea cual fuera la verdad sobre esa esos puntos de coincidencia entre la historia de Arturo B. y de Roberto B., lo cierto es que la obra de ambos es de un valor incuestionable. Y, quizás a modo de corolario, recordando de nuevo al uruguayo Angel Rama, esta vez de la pluma del argentino &lt;a href="http://sololiteratura.com/ramaeloymartinez.htm"&gt;Tomás Eloy Martínez&lt;/a&gt;, no estaría de más considerar su reflexión en torno a esa vieja noción lukácsiana del "individuo histórico", la cual él reinterpretara en términos de&lt;/p&gt; &lt;blockquote&gt;la instalación del narrador en «la conciencia misma del personaje», para poder interrogar así «directamente al poder omnímodo» y observar «su pleno funcionamiento».&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;En mi opinión, quien hoy lee a Bolaño, no puede escapar a ese proceso, a ese permanente interrogatorio.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3414960952996672974-8237148044255371395?l=samuelsotillo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/feeds/8237148044255371395/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3414960952996672974&amp;postID=8237148044255371395' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/8237148044255371395'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/8237148044255371395'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/2009/03/bolano-entre-la-ficcion-y-la-realidad.html' title='Bolaño: entre la ficción y la realidad'/><author><name>Samuel F. Sotillo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05537777895508725811</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='23' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/Sz5wwg8NUDI/AAAAAAAAAFk/Wv-1zeDTddA/S220/me+7b.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/SawvoynQXUI/AAAAAAAAADw/pnh2J5aXGDc/s72-c/roberto-bolano.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3414960952996672974.post-996088651705636210</id><published>2009-01-24T10:32:00.000-05:00</published><updated>2009-01-24T12:24:55.624-05:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='xenophobia'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='nativism'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Nashville'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='English-only'/><title type='text'>¡Arriba Nashville!</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;The New York Times reports that "&lt;a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/24/us/24english.html?ref=us"&gt;Nashville voters have rejected a proposal to make English the city’s official language and to prevent government workers from communicating in other languages&lt;/a&gt;." The proposal, introduced by conservative and nativist city Councilman Eric Crafton, was intended to encourage "immigrants to learn English and save the city more than $100,000 in translation and related costs." By the way, a curious way to save taxpayers' money: "wasting" at least three (3) times that amount in a special election!&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;In any case, and something somehow ironic about this  &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;nativist&lt;/span&gt; ringleader (and a possible clue on his &lt;a href="http://http//enclave-nashville.blogspot.com/2009/01/when-it-comes-to-his-confederates-eric.html"&gt;real motivations&lt;/a&gt;) is that, according to Wikipedia, the Councilman himself "&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Crafton"&gt;graduated from Keio University in Tokyo, Japan, having studied Japanese and Political Economy&lt;/a&gt;." Shouldn't he know better?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Anyway, congratulations to the people of Nashville for his brave decision!!&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3414960952996672974-996088651705636210?l=samuelsotillo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/feeds/996088651705636210/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3414960952996672974&amp;postID=996088651705636210' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/996088651705636210'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/996088651705636210'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/2009/01/arriba-nashville.html' title='¡Arriba Nashville!'/><author><name>Samuel F. Sotillo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05537777895508725811</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='23' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/Sz5wwg8NUDI/AAAAAAAAAFk/Wv-1zeDTddA/S220/me+7b.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3414960952996672974.post-881012375307550486</id><published>2008-12-26T21:11:00.000-05:00</published><updated>2009-12-29T13:25:59.841-05:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Latino America'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Bolaño'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Nazi'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='literature'/><title type='text'>Bolaño y nuestra fijación latinoamericana</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;Acabo de terminar de leer la novela &lt;a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/8433966731?ie=UTF8&amp;amp;tag=cibernetica&amp;amp;linkCode=as2&amp;amp;camp=1789&amp;amp;creative=390957&amp;amp;creativeASIN=8433966731"&gt;Estrella distante&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=cibernetica&amp;amp;l=as2&amp;amp;o=1&amp;amp;a=8433966731" alt="" style="border: medium none  ! important; margin: 0px ! important;" width="1" border="0" height="1" /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;de &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_Bola%C3%B1o"&gt;Roberto Bolaño&lt;/a&gt;. Por esas cosas tontas de uno, la leí primero en inglés, ya que era más fácil de conseguir y más económica. Ahora la re-leí en el original, que no es más que como (re)leerla por primera vez.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;La historia de Carlos Wieder es fascinante. Esa fijación nuestra (me refiero a los latinoamericanos de esa generación) con el nazismo, con esa estética de la muerte, como la llamase &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Benjamin"&gt;Walter Banjamin&lt;/a&gt;. Por supuesto, Carlos Wieder no es un personaje de ficción, como algún descuidado crítico literario pudiera creer.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;El hecho es que yo también conocí a un Carlos Wieder, al menos en una versión menos colorida y sangrienta. El que yo conocí no era un aspirante a poeta, sino un aspirante a ingeniero. Como el de Bolaño, el que yo conocí también era chileno, aunque en el fondo no lo era. Pero ahí estaba esa misma pasión, fija, obsesiva, por lo macabro, por la muerte, por su estética no-aureática.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Sin duda alguna, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Benjamin"&gt;Benjamin&lt;/a&gt; hubiera disfrutado la lectura de esta novela de Bolaño. El arte de Carlos Wieder ejemplifica a la perfección la estética del nazismo (y de la &lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernidad"&gt;modernidad&lt;/a&gt; en su vertiente más oscura y degenerada), tal y como el mismo &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Benjamin"&gt;Benjamin&lt;/a&gt; lo denunciara en su "&lt;a href="http://www.marxists.org/reference/subject/philosophy/works/ge/benjamin.htm"&gt;Work of Art&lt;/a&gt;". &lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3414960952996672974-881012375307550486?l=samuelsotillo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/feeds/881012375307550486/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3414960952996672974&amp;postID=881012375307550486' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/881012375307550486'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/881012375307550486'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/2008/12/nuestra-fijacin-latinoamericana.html' title='Bolaño y nuestra fijación latinoamericana'/><author><name>Samuel F. Sotillo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05537777895508725811</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='23' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/Sz5wwg8NUDI/AAAAAAAAAFk/Wv-1zeDTddA/S220/me+7b.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3414960952996672974.post-4545799036571254731</id><published>2008-11-13T08:13:00.000-05:00</published><updated>2008-11-13T08:18:15.551-05:00</updated><title type='text'>Still alive</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;It's been quite a while since my last post. The truth of the matter is that time has become a luxury item for me since I began grad school. Anyway, I'm back and will start regular posts again soon.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3414960952996672974-4545799036571254731?l=samuelsotillo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/feeds/4545799036571254731/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3414960952996672974&amp;postID=4545799036571254731' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/4545799036571254731'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/4545799036571254731'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/2008/11/still-alive.html' title='Still alive'/><author><name>Samuel F. Sotillo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05537777895508725811</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='23' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/Sz5wwg8NUDI/AAAAAAAAAFk/Wv-1zeDTddA/S220/me+7b.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3414960952996672974.post-872668288776393056</id><published>2008-08-05T15:07:00.000-04:00</published><updated>2009-05-19T09:47:26.889-04:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Solzhenitsyn'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='literature'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Russia'/><title type='text'>More on Solzhenitsyn</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;BBC news recently published a &lt;a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7543782.stm"&gt;piece&lt;/a&gt; on late &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Solzhenitsyn"&gt;Alexander Solzhenitsyn&lt;/a&gt; -- the Nobel laureate Russian writer who &lt;a href="http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/2008/08/alexander-solzhenitsyn-dead-at-90-rip.html"&gt;died last Sunday&lt;/a&gt; -- written by British scholar &lt;a href="http://www.mod-langs.ox.ac.uk/staff/indivstaff.php?personid=69&amp;subfac=ru"&gt;Michael Nicholson&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The article is a brief but masterfully written essay on Solzhenitsyn's literary career, starting with his readings of Tolstoy at the age of 10, and ending with Solzhenitsyn's contributions to what Nicholson considers a true Russian literary tradition:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: .8em;"&gt;[One] which imposes upon the writer a duty not simply to write well, but to voice the pains and aspirations of his society&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;After his passing, many people have been talking about Solzhenitsyn's well known &lt;a href="http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5jxoehpulH7qCQezPnycek9oNpZvQ"&gt;positions on Western cultural values&lt;/a&gt;, about his rejection of democracy and individual freedom, and about his quasi &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_nativism"&gt;&lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt;nativistic&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; vision of &lt;a href="http://pajamasmedia.com/flemmingrose/2007/07/29/post_4/"&gt;Russian future under the rule of a benevolent autocrat&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;In 1978, Solzhenitsyn was invited to &lt;a href="http://www.columbia.edu/cu/augustine/arch/solzhenitsyn/harvard1978.html"&gt;address a group of Harvard University students&lt;/a&gt;, during their commencement ceremony. There, he ended up decrying Western values he thought were incompatible with Russian culture and sensibility. Also, he denounced what he called our "&lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt;blindness of superiority&lt;/span&gt;," that "&lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt;upholds the belief that vast regions [...] on our planet should develop and mature to the level of present day Western systems which in theory are the best and in practice the most attractive&lt;/span&gt;."&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;According to Nicholson, Solzhenitsyn's attitude toward the West should be understood under the light of that old Russian tradition "&lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt;that can be used to justify a prophetic, didactic, even tub-thumping approach&lt;/span&gt;". Likewise, in my opinion, his natural skepticism toward democracy and what he believed was our (Western) fixation with the rule of law -- which Nicholson seems to suggest came from his disillusionment with communism -- may have had its roots in the same tradition, as much as in his own &lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt;microcosmic tragedy&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3414960952996672974-872668288776393056?l=samuelsotillo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/feeds/872668288776393056/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3414960952996672974&amp;postID=872668288776393056' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/872668288776393056'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/872668288776393056'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/2008/08/more-on-solzhenitsyn.html' title='More on Solzhenitsyn'/><author><name>Samuel F. Sotillo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05537777895508725811</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='23' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/Sz5wwg8NUDI/AAAAAAAAAFk/Wv-1zeDTddA/S220/me+7b.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3414960952996672974.post-8441694951116897793</id><published>2008-08-03T20:22:00.000-04:00</published><updated>2009-05-19T09:47:55.498-04:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Solzhenitsyn'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='literature'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Russia'/><title type='text'>Alexander Solzhenitsyn dead at 89, R.I.P.</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://bp3.blogger.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/SJZX5lX1TYI/AAAAAAAAADM/3eJzE4GqdLY/s1600-h/Solzhenitsyn.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="float:right; margin:0 0 10px 10px;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;" src="http://bp3.blogger.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/SJZX5lX1TYI/AAAAAAAAADM/3eJzE4GqdLY/s200/Solzhenitsyn.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5230464664033643906" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;A few days ago I had the opportunity to watch on cable TV the 2007 award-winning movie &lt;a href="http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0405094/"&gt;&lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt;The Lives of Others&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; by German director &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florian_Henckel_von_Donnersmarck"&gt;Florian Henckel von Donnersmarck&lt;/a&gt;. The movie is about a &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stasi"&gt;Stasi&lt;/a&gt; agent who after becoming disillusioned with his spying on other people's lives decides to rebel against his corrupt superiors and helps the man he's been ordered to spy on. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Watching the movie reminded me of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Solzhenitsyn"&gt;Alexander Solzhenitsyn&lt;/a&gt;, the soviet-era writer whose experiences with Stalinism were masterfully depicted in several of his works -- particularly in &lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B000GACTI0?ie=UTF8&amp;tag=cibernetica&amp;linkCode=as2&amp;camp=1789&amp;creative=9325&amp;creativeASIN=B000GACTI0"&gt;The First Circle&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=cibernetica&amp;l=as2&amp;o=1&amp;a=B000GACTI0" width="1" height="1" border="0" alt="" style="border:none !important; margin:0px !important;" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0060007761?ie=UTF8&amp;tag=cibernetica&amp;linkCode=as2&amp;camp=1789&amp;creative=9325&amp;creativeASIN=0060007761"&gt;The Gulag Archipelago&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=cibernetica&amp;l=as2&amp;o=1&amp;a=0060007761" width="1" height="1" border="0" alt="" style="border:none !important; margin:0px !important;" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt; and &lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0374529523?ie=UTF8&amp;tag=cibernetica&amp;linkCode=as2&amp;camp=1789&amp;creative=9325&amp;creativeASIN=0374529523"&gt;One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=cibernetica&amp;l=as2&amp;o=1&amp;a=0374529523" width="1" height="1" border="0" alt="" style="border:none !important; margin:0px !important;" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;. He won the &lt;a href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1970/"&gt;Nobel prize in 1970&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Well, I just heard the news that &lt;a href="http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article4454809.ece"&gt;Solzhenitsyn died&lt;/a&gt; today at his house in Moscow.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Perhaps, Solzhenitsyn's greatest legacy was helping lots of people in realizing the true nature of the Soviet regime, recognizing its machinery of spiritual repression and ideological slavery.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3414960952996672974-8441694951116897793?l=samuelsotillo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/feeds/8441694951116897793/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3414960952996672974&amp;postID=8441694951116897793' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/8441694951116897793'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/8441694951116897793'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/2008/08/alexander-solzhenitsyn-dead-at-90-rip.html' title='Alexander Solzhenitsyn dead at 89, R.I.P.'/><author><name>Samuel F. Sotillo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05537777895508725811</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='23' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/Sz5wwg8NUDI/AAAAAAAAAFk/Wv-1zeDTddA/S220/me+7b.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://bp3.blogger.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/SJZX5lX1TYI/AAAAAAAAADM/3eJzE4GqdLY/s72-c/Solzhenitsyn.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3414960952996672974.post-7524672636392525213</id><published>2008-07-25T18:03:00.000-04:00</published><updated>2009-05-19T09:44:56.654-04:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='death'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Pausch'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='life'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='hope'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='cancer'/><title type='text'>Remembering Randy Pausch, R.I.P.</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;Carnegie Mellon professor Randy Pausch &lt;a href="http://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/07/25/last-lecture-professor-randy-pausch-dies-at-47/?hp"&gt;died today&lt;/a&gt; July 25, 2008. Dr. Pausch was a computer science professor at &lt;a href="http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~pausch/"&gt;Carnegie Mellon University&lt;/a&gt; who became famous in 2006 after announcing during a Lecture that he had terminal cancer.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;In his &lt;a href="http://www.thelastlecture.com/"&gt;Last Lecture&lt;/a&gt;, Dr, Pausch delivered an uplifting reflection on making dreams true and so forth that was later made into a book.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Here is Dr. Pausch's &lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt;Last Lecture&lt;/span&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;object width="475" height="341"&gt;&lt;param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/ji5_MqicxSo&amp;hl=en&amp;fs=1&amp;rel=0&amp;border=1"&gt;&lt;/param&gt;&lt;param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"&gt;&lt;/param&gt;&lt;embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/ji5_MqicxSo&amp;hl=en&amp;fs=1&amp;rel=0&amp;border=1" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowfullscreen="true" width="425" height="349"&gt;&lt;/embed&gt;&lt;/object&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3414960952996672974-7524672636392525213?l=samuelsotillo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/feeds/7524672636392525213/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3414960952996672974&amp;postID=7524672636392525213' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/7524672636392525213'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/7524672636392525213'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/2008/07/remembering-randy-pausch.html' title='Remembering Randy Pausch, R.I.P.'/><author><name>Samuel F. Sotillo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05537777895508725811</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='23' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/Sz5wwg8NUDI/AAAAAAAAAFk/Wv-1zeDTddA/S220/me+7b.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3414960952996672974.post-146216747552315002</id><published>2008-07-15T20:01:00.000-04:00</published><updated>2009-05-19T09:40:14.250-04:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Kauffman'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='complexity'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='emergence'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='God'/><title type='text'>Reinventing the sacred</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_system"&gt;Complexity&lt;/a&gt; theorist &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Kauffman"&gt;Stuart Kauffman&lt;/a&gt; recently published a new book, &lt;a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B001AQDI4I?ie=UTF8&amp;amp;tag=cibernetica&amp;amp;linkCode=as2&amp;amp;camp=1789&amp;amp;creative=9325&amp;amp;creativeASIN=B001AQDI4I"&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;Reinventing the Sacred: A New View of Science, Reason, and Religion&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=cibernetica&amp;amp;l=as2&amp;amp;o=1&amp;amp;a=B001AQDI4I" alt="" style="border: medium none  ! important; margin: 0px ! important;" border="0" width="1" height="1" /&gt;. In the following video, Kauffman himself introduces his book, explaining his goal of reuniting science and spirituality, of bringing together &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare"&gt;Shakespeare&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einstein"&gt;Einstein&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;I haven't read the book yet so I can't comment on it. However, Kauffman's introduction suggests that reading it could be very interesting. Listen to what he has to say.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;embed src="http://static.ning.com/ReinventingTheSacred/widgets/video/flvplayer/flvplayer.swf?v=3.4.1%3A6145" flashvars="config_url=http%3A%2F%2Freinventingthesacred.ning.com%2Fvideo%2Fvideo%2FshowPlayerConfig%3Fid%3D1986926%253AVideo%253A33%26x%3DH7jEDBecispNovloqk6DKU91hKOyNoDj&amp;amp;video_smoothing=on&amp;amp;autoplay=off" scale="noscale" wmode="transparent" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" pluginspage="http://www.macromedia.com/go/getflashplayer" width="360" height="295"&gt;&lt;/embed&gt; &lt;/center&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3414960952996672974-146216747552315002?l=samuelsotillo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/feeds/146216747552315002/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3414960952996672974&amp;postID=146216747552315002' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/146216747552315002'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/146216747552315002'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/2008/07/reinventing-sacred.html' title='Reinventing the sacred'/><author><name>Samuel F. Sotillo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05537777895508725811</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='23' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/Sz5wwg8NUDI/AAAAAAAAAFk/Wv-1zeDTddA/S220/me+7b.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3414960952996672974.post-6696662972509968412</id><published>2008-07-14T10:44:00.000-04:00</published><updated>2009-05-19T09:38:25.828-04:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='economics'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='animal rights'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='liberty'/><title type='text'>More about chimps</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;A few weeks ago I posted a &lt;a href="http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/2008/06/brigitte-bardot-immigration-and-rights.html"&gt;blog about a recent decision by Spain to grant certain rights to great apes&lt;/a&gt; and how, in my opinion, it illustrates that it is easier for some people to fight for animal rights than for the rights of other humans.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Well, New York Times has just published an article on the same topic by assistant editor Adam Cohen (&lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/14/opinion/14mon4.html?th&amp;emc=th"&gt;What’s Next in the Law? The Unalienable Rights of Chimps&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt; ).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Mr. Cohen article is well balanced, considering both sides of this controversial issue. For instance, he discusses how economic concerns rest behind the motivations of both camps -- e.g., the story of eggs and meat producers allegedly funding a &lt;a href="http://www.bizjournals.com/eastbay/stories/2008/04/21/story15.html?jst=s_cn_hl"&gt;referendum&lt;/a&gt; in California against animal cruelty in farms and the story of &lt;a href="http://www.usatoday.com/news/offbeat/2007-09-27-chimpanzee_N.htm"&gt;Austrian pet owners&lt;/a&gt; requesting the right for their pet to be able to accept donations in order to pay its own bills.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt; Finally, he concludes that granting rights to apes will have the unexpected consequence of making harder to deny the same rights to the greatest of all apes -- humans. An optimistic approach though.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3414960952996672974-6696662972509968412?l=samuelsotillo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/feeds/6696662972509968412/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3414960952996672974&amp;postID=6696662972509968412' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/6696662972509968412'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/6696662972509968412'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/2008/07/more-about-chimps.html' title='More about chimps'/><author><name>Samuel F. Sotillo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05537777895508725811</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='23' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/Sz5wwg8NUDI/AAAAAAAAAFk/Wv-1zeDTddA/S220/me+7b.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3414960952996672974.post-7327025880262245382</id><published>2008-07-11T08:17:00.000-04:00</published><updated>2009-05-19T09:39:52.184-04:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Borges'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Literatura'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Verbal'/><title type='text'>Un Diccionario de Borgerías</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;Recien acabo de terminar el libro &lt;a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/8478885110?ie=UTF8&amp;tag=cibernetica&amp;linkCode=as2&amp;camp=1789&amp;creative=9325&amp;creativeASIN=8478885110"&gt;Borges Verbal&lt;/a&gt;, una antología de los comentarios y opiniones que &lt;a href="http://www.themodernword.com/borges/"&gt;Jorge Luis Borges&lt;/a&gt; emitiera durante su vida, y que fue compilada por los argentinos Pilar Bravo y Mario Paoletti.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://bp3.blogger.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/SHdk4MRCJjI/AAAAAAAAAC0/NzU5YbSfeno/s1600-h/558px-Stippled_Borges.PNG"&gt;&lt;img style="float:right; margin:0 0 10px 10px;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;" src="http://bp3.blogger.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/SHdk4MRCJjI/AAAAAAAAAC0/NzU5YbSfeno/s200/558px-Stippled_Borges.PNG" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5221753209487500850" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;p&gt;De entrada, déjenme decir que el libro es espectacular. La introducción incluye una breve biografía de Borges, titulada &lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt;Biografía de yo&lt;/span&gt;, una clara referencia al título de un relato de Borges (&lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.literatura.us/borges/index.html"&gt;Borges y yo&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;). Esta última sirve también de pasapalos a la segunda parte del libro, el &lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt;Diccionario de Borgerías&lt;/span&gt;, un título por demás muy sudamericano.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Por supuesto, si uno se pone a pensar en el hecho de que, como autor ciego, Borges fue un individuo muy verbal (no leía sino que le leían, no escribía sino que dictaba), no hay duda de que esta obra viene como anillo al dedo. Además, durante toda su vida, Borges se caracterizó por sus comentarios cargados de ironía y sarcasmo a veces, pero muy sabios la mayoría de las veces.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt; Aunque, claro, es cierto que alguna que otra vez Borges dijo cosas de mal gusto o algunas que reflejaran una postura más bien tradicional en lo social o político. Sin embargo, las más de las veces, las opiniones de Borges estan cargadas de eso que su biógrafo y confidente, &lt;a href="http://diglib.princeton.edu/ead/eadGetDoc.xq?id=/ead/mss/C0652.EAD.xml"&gt;Emir Rodríguez Monegal&lt;/a&gt;, llamara "&lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt;all manner of intuitions and perspectives&lt;/span&gt;" (&lt;a href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/464990"&gt;Diacritics, Vol. 4, No. 2, (Summer, 1974), pp. 38-43&lt;/a&gt;). Intuiciones y perspectivas que, de más no está decirlo, Borges sazonaba con esa forma natural de erudición, inmensa y tan suya, esa tela de araña de analogías, alusiones, citas, metáforas y hasta acertijos que, para mí, es la esencia del &lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt;ser&lt;/span&gt; Borges.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Bueno, y para muestra un botón:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt;Espejos&lt;/span&gt;: No me gustan nada o me gustan demasiado. Ahora, claro, me he librado de ellos. Porque la ceguera es un modo drástico de borrar los espejos.(81)&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Y este otro:&lt;p&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt;Dormir&lt;/span&gt;: Al dormirse, uno se olvida de si mismo. Y al despertarse se recuerda. (74)&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Finalmente:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt;Creación&lt;/span&gt;: La obra de un escritor está hecha de haraganerías. El trabajo esencial del escritor consiste en distraerse, en pensar en otra cosa, en fantasear... Y luego viene la ejecución, que ya es el oficio. (64)&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://bp1.blogger.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/SHdkPRyvHzI/AAAAAAAAACs/d_s0HWOltI0/s1600-h/srule02.gif"&gt;&lt;img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;" src="http://bp1.blogger.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/SHdkPRyvHzI/AAAAAAAAACs/d_s0HWOltI0/s320/srule02.gif" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5221752506596400946" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3414960952996672974-7327025880262245382?l=samuelsotillo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/feeds/7327025880262245382/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3414960952996672974&amp;postID=7327025880262245382' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/7327025880262245382'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/7327025880262245382'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/2008/07/un-diccionario-de-borgeras.html' title='Un Diccionario de Borgerías'/><author><name>Samuel F. Sotillo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05537777895508725811</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='23' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/Sz5wwg8NUDI/AAAAAAAAAFk/Wv-1zeDTddA/S220/me+7b.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://bp3.blogger.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/SHdk4MRCJjI/AAAAAAAAAC0/NzU5YbSfeno/s72-c/558px-Stippled_Borges.PNG' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3414960952996672974.post-2163178605965159734</id><published>2008-07-08T21:34:00.000-04:00</published><updated>2009-05-19T09:39:27.721-04:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Borges'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Airplanes'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Literatura'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Reality'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Internet'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='God'/><title type='text'>Borges and the XXI century</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://bp2.blogger.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/SHQiITZrYqI/AAAAAAAAACU/wQA2LvTMzV4/s1600-h/471px-Jorge_Luis_Borges_1963.png"&gt;&lt;img style="float:right; margin:0 0 10px 10px;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;" src="http://bp2.blogger.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/SHQiITZrYqI/AAAAAAAAACU/wQA2LvTMzV4/s200/471px-Jorge_Luis_Borges_1963.png" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5220835394071519906" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;p&gt;Talking about the XXI century, &lt;a href="http://www.booksfactory.com/writers/borges_es.htm"&gt;Jorge Luis Borges&lt;/a&gt; once said that the world he imagined would have no machines, no journalists, and that XXI century architects would only design single-story houses as boring as they were in the past (see &lt;a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/8478885110?ie=UTF8&amp;tag=cibernetica&amp;linkCode=as2&amp;camp=1789&amp;creative=9325&amp;creativeASIN=8478885110"&gt;Borges Verbal&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=cibernetica&amp;l=as2&amp;o=1&amp;a=8478885110" width="1" height="1" border="0" alt="" style="border:none !important; margin:0px !important;" /&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;However, his most interesting prediction concerned airplanes. Curiously, Borges believed airplanes would be unnecessary in the future -- because by then (he probably said in his familiar &lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt;porteño&lt;/span&gt; accent) "&lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt;nos daremos cuenta de que no vale la pena ir de un lado para otro&lt;/span&gt;." And he was right!&lt;/p&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://bp1.blogger.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/SHQis9xk2qI/AAAAAAAAACc/__aHdyac8gY/s1600-h/B52GLOBE.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="float:right; margin:0 0 10px 10px;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;" src="http://bp1.blogger.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/SHQis9xk2qI/AAAAAAAAACc/__aHdyac8gY/s200/B52GLOBE.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5220836023921334946" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Thanks to the Internet (&lt;a href="http://www.scpr.org/news/stories/2008/04/09/08_lacter_040908.html"&gt;and most recently high gas prices&lt;/a&gt;), airplanes may soon become less and less of a necessity -- we will just realize we don't need them anymore. For instance, Internet technologies such as &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telepresence"&gt;telepresence&lt;/a&gt; provide modern mankind with the ability to imitate &lt;a href="http://www.theopedia.com/List_of_God%27s_known_attributes#Everywhere-present"&gt;one of God's capabilities&lt;/a&gt;: &lt;a href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/omnipresence"&gt;omnipresence&lt;/a&gt; -- well, yeah, I should say &lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt;multi-presence&lt;/span&gt; instead.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt; According to the &lt;a href="http://www.catholic.org/bible/"&gt;Bible&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://www.blueletterbible.org/faq/nbi/364.html"&gt;God's omnipresence&lt;/a&gt; does not mean: &lt;blockquote&gt;"that God’s form is spread out so that parts of Him exist in every location. God is spirit; He has no physical form. He is present everywhere in that everything is immediately in His presence. At the same time He is present everywhere in the universe. No one can hide from Him and nothing escapes His notice."&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;In other words, the Judeo-Christian God is just like information -- intangible bits of information that could be shared or transmitted everywhere at the same time without significant loss of meaning. The same happens to us thanks to &lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt;telepresence&lt;/span&gt;. Of course, it does not mean we are everywhere physically -- just like God isn't. It only means we are present somehow, in "spirit," sort of.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;In any case, it's amazing that Borges foresaw this. I mean, the fact that one day we may be able to emulate places so well that people won't be able to distinguish a fake from the real thing. The fact that given the proper amount of information, we may be able to reconstruct other realities the same way Borges did with his labyrinths. Finally, the fact that in the future we may not need airplanes anymore -- simply because we will be able to go places without actually being there physically. Amazing!&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3414960952996672974-2163178605965159734?l=samuelsotillo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/feeds/2163178605965159734/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3414960952996672974&amp;postID=2163178605965159734' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/2163178605965159734'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/2163178605965159734'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/2008/07/borges-and-xxi-century.html' title='Borges and the XXI century'/><author><name>Samuel F. Sotillo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05537777895508725811</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='23' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/Sz5wwg8NUDI/AAAAAAAAAFk/Wv-1zeDTddA/S220/me+7b.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://bp2.blogger.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/SHQiITZrYqI/AAAAAAAAACU/wQA2LvTMzV4/s72-c/471px-Jorge_Luis_Borges_1963.png' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3414960952996672974.post-2567867886439131225</id><published>2008-07-02T22:27:00.000-04:00</published><updated>2009-05-18T14:43:40.138-04:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Borges'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Lugones'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Literatura'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Internet'/><title type='text'>Borges, Lugones, Tejas y el laberinto ilimitado de la Internet</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://bp3.blogger.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/SGxNOo8b1tI/AAAAAAAAAB0/F5bhYBCPqss/s1600-h/texdillo.gif"&gt;&lt;img style="float:right; margin:0 0 10px 10px;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;" src="http://bp3.blogger.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/SGxNOo8b1tI/AAAAAAAAAB0/F5bhYBCPqss/s320/texdillo.gif" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5218630982119970514" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Según los autores de &lt;a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/8478885110?ie=UTF8&amp;tag=cibernetica&amp;linkCode=as2&amp;camp=1789&amp;creative=9325&amp;creativeASIN=8478885110"&gt;Borges Verbal&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=cibernetica&amp;l=as2&amp;o=1&amp;a=8478885110" width="1" height="1" border="0" alt="" style="border:none !important; margin:0px !important;" /&gt;, &lt;a href="http://www.booksfactory.com/writers/borges_es.htm"&gt;Jorge Luis Borges&lt;/a&gt; visitó alguna vez la biblioteca del pueblo de (sic) &lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt;Lussok&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas"&gt;Texas&lt;/a&gt; (aunque Borges probablemente se refería al pueblo de &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubbock,_Texas"&gt;Lubbok&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas"&gt;Texas&lt;/a&gt;, que se encuentra en el noroeste de ese estado). En todo caso, Borges relata en su anécdota lo maravillado que estaba al descubrir que la susodicha biblioteca tenía dos millones de ejemplares, miéntras que la Biblioteca Nacional de la Argentina, de la que el mismo Borges fuera director, apenas tenía 900 mil.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Luego, como para demostrar aún más su asombro, Borges continua su anécdota relatando como una empleada rubia y &lt;a href="http://www.wordreference.com/definicion/despampanante"&gt;despampanante&lt;/a&gt; de la biblioteca, ansiosa de mostrarle la calidad de su colección, le reta a nombrar un libro, cualquiera, asegurándole que ella lo debía de tener. No muy convencido, Borges le pide lo que él consideraba títulos fáciles; por ejemplo, &lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt;El Facundo&lt;/span&gt; de &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domingo_Faustino_Sarmiento"&gt;Sarmiento&lt;/a&gt;, el cual la bibliotecaria le consigue de inmediato. Picada, la bibliotecaria le ruega que pida algo más difícil; así que Borges le pide &lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt;El Imperio Jesuítico&lt;/span&gt; de &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lugones"&gt;Lugones&lt;/a&gt;, cuya edición estaba tan agotada que ni la misma Biblioteca Nacional argentina lo tenía.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://bp3.blogger.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/SGxNkqr3d_I/AAAAAAAAAB8/KmTirqeGJdM/s1600-h/200px-Jorge_Luis_Borges_Hotel.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="float:right; margin:0 0 10px 10px;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;" src="http://bp3.blogger.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/SGxNkqr3d_I/AAAAAAAAAB8/KmTirqeGJdM/s320/200px-Jorge_Luis_Borges_Hotel.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5218631360544471026" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;p&gt;Para sorpresa de Borges, la linda bibliotecaria rubia le responde preguntándole cuál edición quería, la primera o la segunda, porque la biblioteca disponía de ambas.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Borges concluye su anécdota maravillándose de como en tan apartado pueblito tejano, cualquier persona tiene acceso a casi cualquier tipo de libros, y puede estudiar, sin jamás salir de su remoto cobijo en el desierto, cualquier cosa.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;La historia me pareció fascinante porque me hizo pensar en lo maravillado que Borges estaría hoy con la Internet. De sólo pensar en toda la información que está disponible en línea, de seguro Borges viviría al pie de los parlantes de su computadora, hartándose una y otra vez con ese universo infinito de información, tan grande e ilimitado como sus laberintos.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Para dar un ejemplo, si a Borges o a cualquier otra persona le interesase leer &lt;a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=CwRJAAAAIAAJ&amp;printsec=titlepage"&gt;El Imperio Jesuítico de Lugones&lt;/a&gt;, sólo necesita &lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt;guglearlo&lt;/span&gt; (del inglés &lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/google"&gt;google&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;), y conseguir una segunda edición digitalizada, a sólo un cli&lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;ck de distancia. Fascinante, &amp;#191;no?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3414960952996672974-2567867886439131225?l=samuelsotillo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/feeds/2567867886439131225/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3414960952996672974&amp;postID=2567867886439131225' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/2567867886439131225'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/2567867886439131225'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/2008/07/borges-lugones-tejas-y-el-laberinto.html' title='Borges, Lugones, Tejas y el laberinto ilimitado de la Internet'/><author><name>Samuel F. Sotillo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05537777895508725811</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='23' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/Sz5wwg8NUDI/AAAAAAAAAFk/Wv-1zeDTddA/S220/me+7b.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://bp3.blogger.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/SGxNOo8b1tI/AAAAAAAAAB0/F5bhYBCPqss/s72-c/texdillo.gif' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3414960952996672974.post-1589324418052230769</id><published>2008-06-28T14:10:00.001-04:00</published><updated>2009-05-19T09:42:32.509-04:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='immigration'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Brigitte Bardot'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='animal rights'/><title type='text'>Brigitte Bardot, immigration and the rights of apes</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;Recently, the Spanish Parliament decided to go forward with a project that recognizes basic rights for &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hominidae"&gt;great apes&lt;/a&gt; -- i.e., chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans. The idea was inspired on the so-called &lt;a href="http://www.greatapeproject.org/"&gt;Great Apes Project&lt;/a&gt;, a non-governmental organization that "&lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt;demand[s] the extension of the community of equals to include all great apes: human beings, chimpanzees, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonobo"&gt;bonobos&lt;/a&gt;, gorillas and orangutans&lt;/span&gt;." Essentially, what the Spanish politicians want is to recognize the rights to life, freedom and protection against torture for great apes.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://bp1.blogger.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/SGxO45GU87I/AAAAAAAAACM/lgrI2D5aolI/s1600-h/180px-Male_silverback_Gorilla.JPG"&gt;&lt;img style="float:right; margin:0 0 10px 10px;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;" src="http://bp1.blogger.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/SGxO45GU87I/AAAAAAAAACM/lgrI2D5aolI/s200/180px-Male_silverback_Gorilla.JPG" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5218632807522562994" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;p&gt;Unfortunately, the proposal came short in recognizing the rights of any other &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primate"&gt;primate&lt;/a&gt;, focusing instead on those that are &lt;a href="http://www.elpais.com/articulo/sociedad/Congreso/reconoce/derechos/vida/libertad/grandes/primates/elpepusoc/20080625elpepusoc_6/Tes"&gt;95% genetically similar to us&lt;/a&gt;. (In fact, humans and great apes belong to the same &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_family\"&gt;biological family&lt;/a&gt;, the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hominidae"&gt;hominidae&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hominid"&gt;hominid&lt;/a&gt; family.) In other words, the rationale for this proposal emerges from the premise that because great apes are so close to us genetically, they deserve to be treated as humans.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;I must confess that I have some problems with this rationale. First, I believe that all kind of animals should be treated with respect and consideration. Nonetheless, let me be clear that I am not a fundamentalist on this issue. For now, I don't see any urgent need in forcing everybody else to convert to vegetarianism or &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegan"&gt;veganism&lt;/a&gt;. (Perhaps in the future we will be able to synthesize our own proteins and other nutrients without need for sacrificing other living beings; but, for now, we have to survive somehow.) However, using genetic similarity to humans as a criteria to distinguish which animals deserve which treatment seems to me highly prejudicial and anthropocentric. Let's be honest, it is just like saying that great apes deserve special treatment just because they look like us.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;It reminds me also the old system used to differentiate black people by the amount of black blood they had. The &lt;a href="http://barney.gonzaga.edu/~tmarsh/engl413/One%20Drop%20rule"&gt;one-drop rule&lt;/a&gt;, as it was known in the American South (although it was also popular in other places around the world) was inspired by the notion that one person with at least one-sixteenth of black blood, regardless of skin color, could not be considered white.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Of course, in this case we have a &lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt;one-drop rule in reverse&lt;/span&gt;. Animals have rights only if they can show 95% (or greater) genetic similarity to humans. Otherwise, who cares?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The second reason why I don't like this proposal has to do with another recent piece of news from Europe. It seems curious to me that the Spanish parliament decision came out almost at the same time that the &lt;a href="http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20080618/ap_on_re_eu/eu_immigration_glance"&gt;EU Parliament's announcement of passing a new tough immigration legislation&lt;/a&gt; that includes 18-month detention for &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegal_immigrant"&gt;illegal immigrants&lt;/a&gt; caught within the territory of any of its 27-member union and fingerprinting of all foreign visitors.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;We all know that being an immigrant today is not as popular as it used to be -- even in places such as the U.S. and Canada, two well-known magnets of immigrants. People see immigrants suspiciously, and discrimination does not simply focus on the person's skin color or national origin but also in other cultural characteristics such as &lt;a href="http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID=41351&amp;URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&amp;URL_SECTION=201.html"&gt;language&lt;/a&gt; and cultural beliefs. Of course, all these prejudices against immigrants are all but new. However, considering modern day advances in democratic ruling and civil liberties, the situation appears for sure despairing. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Somehow, it is ironic that as more and more people show their regard for the situation of apes and other animals -- which is OK -- less and less show any regard or at least any concern for what is happening to millions of their own kind. Because, you know -- and regardless of national/ethnic origin, skin color, religion, language and/or legal status -- immigrants are a 100% genetically similar to all other humans.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://bp3.blogger.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/SGxOWMLJCvI/AAAAAAAAACE/dkxORuBh57s/s1600-h/220px-Brigitte_Bardot.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="float:right; margin:0 0 10px 10px;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;" src="http://bp3.blogger.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/SGxOWMLJCvI/AAAAAAAAACE/dkxORuBh57s/s200/220px-Brigitte_Bardot.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5218632211347606258" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;p&gt;By the way, all this ironic situation brings to my mind that icon of the 50s and 60s, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigitte_Bardot"&gt;Brigitte Bardot&lt;/a&gt;. We all remember Bardot's majestic body, always perfectly fit in one of her famous &lt;a href="http://www.bikiniscience.com/models/BB19_SS/BB19.html"&gt;bikinis&lt;/a&gt;. However, in recent years Bardot has become famous for two reasons that have nothing to do with her previous artistic talents or majestic body. The first is her fanatical activism in favor of animal rights. The second her well publicized hatred for immigrants.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.animalliberationfront.com/Saints/Interviews/Interview%20with%20Brigitte%20Bardot.htm"&gt;Bardot's animal activism&lt;/a&gt; is well known.  However, her fanatical views on the matter have taken her sometimes to the verge of the bizarre. For instance, there is this time when she got a neighbor's donkey castrated for allegedly getting "&lt;a href="http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,312262,00.html"&gt;frisky with [her] old mare&lt;/a&gt;." In my opinion, Bardot's regard for animal rights is bizarre in itself precisely because of her intense hostility towards other human beings she deems different.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;In any case, Bardot's position on this issue illustrates the irony of a world where some rich old ladies -- or some rich nations -- spend most of their time fighting for the rights of their pets while at the same time show no real concern for the plight and suffering of other human beings.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3414960952996672974-1589324418052230769?l=samuelsotillo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/feeds/1589324418052230769/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3414960952996672974&amp;postID=1589324418052230769' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/1589324418052230769'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/1589324418052230769'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/2008/06/brigitte-bardot-immigration-and-rights.html' title='Brigitte Bardot, immigration and the rights of apes'/><author><name>Samuel F. Sotillo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05537777895508725811</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='23' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/Sz5wwg8NUDI/AAAAAAAAAFk/Wv-1zeDTddA/S220/me+7b.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://bp1.blogger.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/SGxO45GU87I/AAAAAAAAACM/lgrI2D5aolI/s72-c/180px-Male_silverback_Gorilla.JPG' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3414960952996672974.post-7029737403372566589</id><published>2008-05-25T14:15:00.000-04:00</published><updated>2009-05-19T09:45:38.961-04:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Phoenix'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Mars'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Space'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Culture'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='literature'/><title type='text'>Phoenix, humanity's first space library, arrives on Mars</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://www.nasa.gov/images/content/181522main_map-200.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="float:right; margin:0 0 10px 10px;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 200px;" src="http://www.nasa.gov/images/content/181522main_map-200.jpg" border="0" alt="Mars ice cap" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Tonight at about &lt;a href="http://phoenix.lpl.arizona.edu/05_25_landed_pr.php"&gt;7:53 pm Eastern Time planet Mars welcomed&lt;/a&gt; a very interesting visitor: &lt;a href="http://www.nasa.gov/"&gt;NASA&lt;/a&gt;'s  &lt;span style="font-weight:bold;"&gt;Phoenix&lt;/span&gt; probe.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt; This spacecraft is one of NASA's first scout missions--low-budget support missions to the agency's &lt;a href="http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/future/futureMissions.html"&gt;Mars Exploration program&lt;/a&gt;. According to the &lt;a href="http://fawkes3.lpl.arizona.edu/mission.php"&gt;Phoenix's website&lt;/a&gt;, the probe "&lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt;is designed to study the history of water and habitability potential in the Martian arctic's ice-rich soil&lt;/span&gt;." In summary, it is an important step in our search for extraterrestrial life and intelligence.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Moreover, Phoenix accomplishes another important goal. The spacecraft contains a very important sample of mankind's cultural heritage which is part of the &lt;a href="http://www.planetary.org/programs/projects/international_mission_participation/messages/"&gt;Planetary Society's &lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt;Messages from Earth project&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. This project consists of a DVD with recorded personal messages from visionaries of space exploration such as the late &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Sagan"&gt;Carl Sagan&lt;/a&gt; and recently deceased &lt;a href="http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/2008/03/arthur-c-clark-rip.html"&gt;Arthur C. Clark&lt;/a&gt;. Also, the DVD includes a library with &lt;a href="http://www.planetary.org/programs/projects/international_mission_participation/messages/vom_contents.html"&gt;essays,  stories&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://www.planetary.org/programs/projects/international_mission_participation/messages/vom_art.html"&gt;radio recordings and artworks&lt;/a&gt; about Mars and space exploration, all by &lt;a href="http://www.planetary.org/programs/projects/international_mission_participation/messages/vom_art.html"&gt;authors&lt;/a&gt; from all over the world and ages such as &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umberto_Eco"&gt;Umberto Eco&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://www.raybradbury.com/"&gt;Ray Bradbury&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Asimov"&gt;Isaac Asimov&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Swift"&gt;Johnathan Swift&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltaire"&gt;Voltaire&lt;/a&gt; and many many more. Therefore, in addition to its significantly important scientific mission, Phoenix also accomplishes another very important cultural one--disseminating human knowledge beyond the boundary of our small little blue dot.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Of course, this accomplishment is far from being new. Since the days of the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_program"&gt;Pioneers&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_program"&gt;Voyagers&lt;/a&gt; probes, humanity has been sending messages in very sophisticated bottles. Besides, as Carl Sagan's &lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt;Contact &lt;/span&gt;illustrates well, we have been sending signals from more than a century since the time we developed our first wireless communications system: the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio"&gt;radio&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt; However, Phoenix has the particular distinction of being the first unmanned space explorer with samples of what we call &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literature"&gt;literature&lt;/a&gt;. Thus, this particular item in Phoenix's lodging is therefore the first space library of written words ever sent to outer space--our first contribution to a potentially interesting future extraterrestrial cultural soirée.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;I wonder if this curious Phoenix's cargo could be considered the first sample of &lt;a href="http://www.johanna.staton.net/"&gt;exo-literature&lt;/a&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3414960952996672974-7029737403372566589?l=samuelsotillo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/feeds/7029737403372566589/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3414960952996672974&amp;postID=7029737403372566589' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/7029737403372566589'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/7029737403372566589'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/2008/05/phoenix-humanitys-first-space-library.html' title='Phoenix, humanity&apos;s first space library, arrives on Mars'/><author><name>Samuel F. Sotillo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05537777895508725811</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='23' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/Sz5wwg8NUDI/AAAAAAAAAFk/Wv-1zeDTddA/S220/me+7b.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3414960952996672974.post-1835237202827852060</id><published>2008-05-20T22:19:00.000-04:00</published><updated>2009-05-19T09:46:01.974-04:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='research'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Carl Sagan'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='government'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='science'/><title type='text'>Carl Sagan on the importance of supporting basic scientific research</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;Recently, I had the opportunity to watch this old video of a hearing where late astronomer&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Sagan"&gt; Carl Sagan&lt;/a&gt; spoke about the importance of funding basic scientific research. I have been a huge fan of Sagan all my life since the first time I saw his popular TV series &lt;a href="http://www.carlsagan.com/"&gt;Cosmos&lt;/a&gt; in the early 1980s. I was a curious teenager by then--though I'm still quite curious as an adult--with a profound interest in science as well as literature. I still remember the effect of listening to this great communicator, participating in his personal travel throughout our solar system and galaxy as well as throughout the history of scientific discovery. Also, I remember discussions with my inner circle of friends, proud nerds like me, about God, the universe, extra-terrestrial life, evolution and so many crazy things. Great times indeed!&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Back to the video, there Sagan shows some of his extraordinary qualities as communicator. When questioned about why he was against &lt;a href="http://physicsworldarchive.iop.org/index.cfm?action=summary&amp;amp;doc=6%2F7%2Fphwv6i7a8%40pwa-xml&amp;amp;qt="&gt;NASA's megaprojects&lt;/a&gt; of the early 1990s, Sagan responds that he doesn't believe in government doing science by decree. To Sagan, the idea that a &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;megaproject &lt;/span&gt;may take humanity to a scientific or technological breakthrough such as the development of the TV set without supporting basic research is ludicrous. We need basic low-budget science projects like the one done by Scottish &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell"&gt;James Clerk Maxwell &lt;/a&gt;-who in the mid 1800s developed the &lt;a href="http://ieee.li/pdf/essay_maxwells_legacy.pdf"&gt;theory of electromagnetism&lt;/a&gt; and his now &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell%27s_equations"&gt;famous equations&lt;/a&gt;-in order to get technologies such as  TV sets and satellite communication.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;In my opinion, Sagan is absolutely right: in the race for scientific discoveries, there are no shortcuts, no big fancy &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;megaprojects&lt;/span&gt;. The same applies to all fields of knowledge. Or perhaps one may ask if is it possible for governments to create art by decree? Could &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain"&gt;Felipe II of Spain&lt;/a&gt; have ordered &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_de_Cervantes"&gt;Miguel de Cervantes&lt;/a&gt; to write a master piece such as &lt;a href="http://www.online-literature.com/cervantes/don_quixote/"&gt;El Quijote&lt;/a&gt;? Could &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_England"&gt;Elizabeth I&lt;/a&gt; have done the same with &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shakespeare"&gt;Shakespeare&lt;/a&gt;'s &lt;a href="http://shea.mit.edu/ramparts/"&gt;Hamlet&lt;/a&gt;? I doubt it!&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;object height="355" width="425"&gt;&lt;param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/i03FgnaS-RI&amp;amp;hl=en"&gt;&lt;param name="wmode" value="transparent"&gt;&lt;embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/i03FgnaS-RI&amp;amp;hl=en" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" wmode="transparent" width="350"&gt;&lt;/embed&gt;&lt;/object&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3414960952996672974-1835237202827852060?l=samuelsotillo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/feeds/1835237202827852060/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3414960952996672974&amp;postID=1835237202827852060' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/1835237202827852060'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/1835237202827852060'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/2008/05/carl-sagan-on-funding-scientific.html' title='Carl Sagan on the importance of supporting basic scientific research'/><author><name>Samuel F. Sotillo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05537777895508725811</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='23' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/Sz5wwg8NUDI/AAAAAAAAAFk/Wv-1zeDTddA/S220/me+7b.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3414960952996672974.post-1772022753857162094</id><published>2008-05-14T00:16:00.000-04:00</published><updated>2009-05-19T09:41:29.446-04:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='authoritarianism'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Cuba'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='intolerance'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='stupidity'/><title type='text'>Yoani Sánchez, cautiva en la Havana</title><content type='html'>En &lt;a href="http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/2008/05/yoani-snchez.html"&gt;días pasados&lt;/a&gt; comentaba sobre &lt;a href="http://www.time.com/time/specials/2007/article/0,28804,1733748_1733756_1735878,00.html"&gt;Yoani Sánchez&lt;/a&gt;, una joven escritora cubana de una hermosura tan impresionante como lo es su valentía. A Yoani le otorgaran recientemente el &lt;a href="http://uk.reuters.com/article/internetNews/idUKN0440148520080404?pageNumber=2&amp;amp;virtualBrandChannel=0"&gt;premio Ortega y Gasset al periodismo digital&lt;/a&gt; y desde entonces ha estado luchando con la inepta burocracia del régimen cubano para obtener un permiso de salidad que le permita recoger su premio en España. Desafortunadamente, el régimen decidió &lt;a href="http://desdecuba.com/generaciony/?p=260"&gt;negarle el permiso&lt;/a&gt;, reiterándole su condición de prisionera, de "blogger cautiva" como ella misma ha dicho.&lt;br /&gt;La decisión es muy triste; de verdad verdad, es absolutamente lamentable. Una decisición que confirma lo que todos sabemos, aunque alguno insistan en negarlo: que el régimen castrista no aprecia ni la crítica ni la libre difusión de ideas; al menos no sin que ello acarree el ostracismo y la discriminación tanto social como política y cultural de aquellos que como Yoani se atreven a cuestionar. !Qué verguenza!&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3414960952996672974-1772022753857162094?l=samuelsotillo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/feeds/1772022753857162094/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3414960952996672974&amp;postID=1772022753857162094' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/1772022753857162094'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/1772022753857162094'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/2008/05/yoani-snchez-cautiva-en-la-havana.html' title='Yoani Sánchez, cautiva en la Havana'/><author><name>Samuel F. Sotillo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05537777895508725811</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='23' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/Sz5wwg8NUDI/AAAAAAAAAFk/Wv-1zeDTddA/S220/me+7b.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3414960952996672974.post-2826790713938100879</id><published>2008-05-12T21:49:00.000-04:00</published><updated>2009-05-19T09:43:47.799-04:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Conrad'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Politics'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='British'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='literature'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Gombrowicz'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Argentina'/><title type='text'>Witold Gombrowicz and youth</title><content type='html'>&lt;p style="margin-bottom: 0in;"&gt;I just started reading Witold Gombrowicz's &lt;a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0714529885?ie=UTF8&amp;amp;tag=cibernetica&amp;amp;linkCode=as2&amp;amp;camp=1789&amp;amp;creative=9325&amp;amp;creativeASIN=0714529885%22%3EPornografia%3C/a%3E%3Cimg%20src=%22http://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=cibernetica&amp;amp;l=as2&amp;amp;o=1&amp;amp;a=0714529885%22%20width=%221%22%20height=%221%22%20border=%220%22%20alt=%22%22%20style=%22border:none%20%21important;%20margin:0px%20%21important;%22%20/%3E"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Pornografia&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;a href="http://alangullette.com/lit/gombrowicz/"&gt;Witold Gombrowicz&lt;/a&gt; (VEE-told gom-BROH-veetch) was a polish author of novels, plays, short stories and some autobiographical works. He wrote most of his works in Argentina; where he lived as a refugee for almost twenty five years. Gombrowicz is best known  for his novel &lt;i&gt;Ferdydurke&lt;/i&gt;; a novel intended to reveal the “Great Immaturity of Humanity.” &lt;i&gt;Pornografia&lt;/i&gt; was written years after &lt;i&gt;Ferdydurke&lt;/i&gt; and, according to Gombrowicz, the former originated from the latter.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="margin-bottom: 0in;"&gt;Gombrowicz also translated many of his works into Spanish. And he did such a good job that some of Gombrowicz's  translations are considered &lt;a href="http://www.elortiba.org/gombr.html#Borges_y_Gombrowicz_"&gt;original works in their own right&lt;/a&gt;. Also, Gombrowicz &lt;a href="http://www.literatura.org/wg/wgpigl.htm"&gt;has sometimes been called&lt;/a&gt; the (Joseph) Conrad of Latin America—due in part to the fact that he wrote in Spanish with the same perfectionist eagerness we recognize in Conrad's works in English (as well as in many other L2 authors such as Ayn Rand and Vladimir Nabokov among others).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="margin-bottom: 0in;"&gt;In his preface to &lt;i&gt;Pornografia&lt;/i&gt;, Gombrowicz affirms that his novel is an exploration of humanity's “&lt;i&gt;need for the unfinished...for imperfection... for inferiority... for youth...&lt;/i&gt;” Pornografia's preface is really interesting. Somehow, Gombrowicz develops a personal philosophy about human existence; while at the same time he develops his own theoretical foundation on the art of the novel.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="margin-bottom: 0in;"&gt;For Gombrowicz, men conceal their true selves behind a tangled web of forms. We learned these forms from other people; the same people with whom we interact everyday during our lifetime. We adapt ourselves to these forms simply because we need the approval and recognition of the rest of the world. Thus, men “create each other by imposing forms on each other.” And humanity is the intricate web we spin on our own existence out of these forms.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="margin-bottom: 0in;"&gt;As Westerners, we all aim “to the absolute.” We believe in perfection as the ultimate ideal. Perfection is synonym of God, salvation, and eternal life. Perfection is the realization of the impossible: eternal youth without impurities, without immaturity--which is something that bothers Gombrowicz a lot.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="margin-bottom: 0in;"&gt;To him, Western civilization's obsession with perfection is totally wrong. Our fixation on absolute values; our eagerness for absolute maturity, and our  idealization of God's absoluteness are all wrong simply because they represent the achievement of total fulfillment. What's left of humanity if we all are totally content about our existence? We are what we are because of our dissatisfaction, because of our incompleteness, because of our youth. However, Gombrowicz is not an existentialist; he refuses the idea that men want to be God, as postulated by &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Existentialism"&gt;existentialists&lt;/a&gt;. For Gombrowicz, men simply want to be young but at their own discretion. And that's why &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;youth &lt;/span&gt;is the main theme of Gombrowicz's novels.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3414960952996672974-2826790713938100879?l=samuelsotillo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/feeds/2826790713938100879/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3414960952996672974&amp;postID=2826790713938100879' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/2826790713938100879'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/2826790713938100879'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/2008/05/witold-gombrowicz-and-ideal-of.html' title='Witold Gombrowicz and youth'/><author><name>Samuel F. Sotillo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05537777895508725811</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='23' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/Sz5wwg8NUDI/AAAAAAAAAFk/Wv-1zeDTddA/S220/me+7b.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3414960952996672974.post-662936169163185289</id><published>2008-05-03T23:24:00.000-04:00</published><updated>2009-05-19T09:45:13.664-04:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Cuba'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='foolishness'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='freedom'/><title type='text'>Yoani Sánchez</title><content type='html'>Yoani Sánchez, a 32-year-old Cuban blogger, recently won the &lt;a title="Ortega y Gasset prize for digital journalism" href="http://havanajournal.com/culture/entry/yoani-sanchez-awarded-spains-ortega-and-gasset-prize-for-digital-journalism/" id="tjsm"&gt;Ortega y Gasset prize for digital journalism&lt;/a&gt;. At the same time, she got recognized by &lt;a title="Time Magazine" href="http://www.time.com/time" id="q1u7"&gt;Time Magazine&lt;/a&gt; as one of &lt;a title="2008 Heroes &amp;amp; Pioneers" href="http://www.time.com/time/specials/2007/article/0,28804,1733748_1733756_1735878,00.html" id="kuyd"&gt;2008 Heroes &amp;amp; Pioneers&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;Yoani is a trained philologist who because of the regime's political &lt;a href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/exclusionism"&gt;exclusionism &lt;/a&gt;makes a living in Cuba's tourist industry. Last year, more precise in April, she started blogging about her life in Cuba on her web blog &lt;a title="Generación Y" href="http://desdecuba.com/generaciony/" id="e2zb"&gt;Generación Y&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;Her posts are full of intelligence and chivalry. Particularly, I like the sense of humor and poetic instinct that she uses to portrait Cuba's everyday life, its political foolishness and its sad but very real bureaucratic morass.&lt;br /&gt;A &lt;a href="http://desdecuba.com/generaciony/?p=235"&gt;sample&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="postinfo"&gt;                                                      &lt;h2 class="posttitle"&gt;&lt;a href="http://desdecuba.com/generaciony/?p=235" rel="bookmark" title="Enlace permanente a La utopía impuesta"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;blockquote style="color: rgb(0, 0, 102);"&gt;"&lt;span lang="ES"&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;Habito una utopía que no es mía. Ante ella, mis abuelos se persignaron y mis padres entregaron sus mejores años. Yo, la llevo sobre los hombros sin poder sacudírmela&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span lang="ES"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="entry"&gt;  &lt;p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;" class="MsoNormal"&gt;"&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;Algunos que no la viven intentan convencerme –a distancia- que debo conservarla. Sin embargo, resulta enajenante vivir una ilusión ajena, cargar con el peso de lo que otros soñaron&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;" class="MsoNormal"&gt;"&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;A los que me impusieron –sin consultarme- este espejismo, quiero advertirles, desde ahora, que no pienso heredárselo a mis hijos&lt;/span&gt;."&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;div class="entry"&gt;&lt;p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;/p&gt;     &lt;/div&gt;That's poetry!!&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3414960952996672974-662936169163185289?l=samuelsotillo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/feeds/662936169163185289/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3414960952996672974&amp;postID=662936169163185289' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/662936169163185289'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/662936169163185289'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/2008/05/yoani-snchez.html' title='Yoani Sánchez'/><author><name>Samuel F. Sotillo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05537777895508725811</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='23' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/Sz5wwg8NUDI/AAAAAAAAAFk/Wv-1zeDTddA/S220/me+7b.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3414960952996672974.post-2457436126279026166</id><published>2008-04-25T15:35:00.000-04:00</published><updated>2009-05-19T09:49:30.825-04:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='opposition'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='venezuela'/><title type='text'>Venezuela's Yon Goicoechea wins Friedman Prize</title><content type='html'>Last April 24 Venezuelan student leader &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yon_Goicoechea"&gt;Yon Goicoechea&lt;/a&gt; won the &lt;a href="http://www.cato.org/special/friedman/goicoechea/index.html"&gt;2008 Milton Friedman Prize for Advancing Liberty&lt;/a&gt;. Goicoechea was one of the main leaders of the 2007 pro-democracy student movement that successfully campaigned against &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela"&gt;Venezuela&lt;/a&gt;'s &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez"&gt;Hugo Chavez&lt;/a&gt; attempt to seize ample constitutional powers.&lt;br /&gt;I certainly congratulate Yon Goicoechea for this important achievement. I wish him and other emerging Venezuelan leaders the best of luck in their attempt to overcome the stupidity and numbness of Venezuela's &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;ancient regime&lt;/span&gt; leadership as well as in prevailing against Chavez's anti-democratic appetite.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Friedman_Prize_for_Advancing_Liberty" class="mw-redirect" title="Milton Friedman Prize for Advancing Liberty"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3414960952996672974-2457436126279026166?l=samuelsotillo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/feeds/2457436126279026166/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3414960952996672974&amp;postID=2457436126279026166' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/2457436126279026166'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/2457436126279026166'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/2008/04/venezuelan-yon-goicoechea-wins-friedman.html' title='Venezuela&apos;s Yon Goicoechea wins Friedman Prize'/><author><name>Samuel F. Sotillo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05537777895508725811</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='23' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/Sz5wwg8NUDI/AAAAAAAAAFk/Wv-1zeDTddA/S220/me+7b.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3414960952996672974.post-7936353970143307358</id><published>2008-04-14T18:19:00.000-04:00</published><updated>2009-05-19T09:49:50.989-04:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='quantum'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='cosmology'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='wheeler'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='narratology'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='physics'/><title type='text'>John A. Wheeler R.I.P.</title><content type='html'>The &lt;a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/14/science/14wheeler.html?pagewanted=2&amp;amp;_r=1"&gt;New York Times reported&lt;/a&gt; today that &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Archibald_Wheeler"&gt;John Archibald Wheeler&lt;/a&gt;--"the man who coined the term 'black hole'"--died of pneumonia at 96.&lt;br /&gt;Dr. Wheeler is best known for his research on &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_fission"&gt;nuclear fission&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_relativity"&gt;general relativity&lt;/a&gt;. However, he contributed to other fields as well, including philosophy and cosmology.&lt;br /&gt;Dr. Wheeler believed that science should also provide an answer to the question of human existence, the same way it does concerning the nature of our physical world. Inspired by &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncertainty_principle"&gt;Heisenberg uncertainty principle&lt;/a&gt;, Dr. Wheeler proposed a version of the &lt;a href="http://www.physics.sfsu.edu/%7Elwilliam/sota/anth/SAP_FAP.htm"&gt;strong anthropic principle&lt;/a&gt; --he coined his version the &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;Participatory Anthropic Principle&lt;/span&gt; (PAP). His reflexions on this principle led Dr. Wheeler to believe that we all (humanity) somehow participated in bringing about the world we live in simply by explaining it--creating knowledge.&lt;br /&gt;This principle has important application in the literary world, particularly in &lt;a href="http://poeticstoday.dukejournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/27/4/633"&gt;narratology&lt;/a&gt;. Something we will discuss sometime in the future.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3414960952996672974-7936353970143307358?l=samuelsotillo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/feeds/7936353970143307358/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3414960952996672974&amp;postID=7936353970143307358' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/7936353970143307358'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/7936353970143307358'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/2008/04/john-wheeler-rip.html' title='John A. Wheeler R.I.P.'/><author><name>Samuel F. Sotillo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05537777895508725811</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='23' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/Sz5wwg8NUDI/AAAAAAAAAFk/Wv-1zeDTddA/S220/me+7b.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3414960952996672974.post-646138872481522347</id><published>2008-03-18T22:22:00.000-04:00</published><updated>2009-05-19T09:46:24.512-04:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Clark'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='science fiction'/><title type='text'>Arthur C. Clark R.I.P.</title><content type='html'>The &lt;a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/19/books/19clarke.html?_r=1&amp;amp;hp&amp;amp;oref=slogin"&gt;New York Times&lt;/a&gt; is reporting that &lt;a style="font-style: italic;" href="http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0062622/"&gt;2001: A Space Odyssey&lt;/a&gt;'s author Sir &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_C._Clarke"&gt;Arthur C. Clark&lt;/a&gt; died early Wednesday in Sri Lanka, where he had lived for more than 50 years.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Clark is best known for his participation in &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Kubrick"&gt;Stanley Kubrick&lt;/a&gt;'s movie and for the novel he wrote based on the same project. He also wrote many science-fiction novels and short stories--by the way, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Roddenberry"&gt;Gene Roddenberry&lt;/a&gt; used Clark's stories as inspiration for his &lt;a href="http://www.startrek.com/"&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;Star Trek&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; TV series.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;However, Clark greatest achievement was his proposal for using geostationary satellites for &lt;a href="http://lakdiva.org/clarke/1945ww/"&gt;telecommunication relaying&lt;/a&gt;. In 1945, he published an article  in &lt;a href="http://oz6gh.netfast.org/ww.htm"&gt;Wireless World&lt;/a&gt;,  promoting the idea of using "&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;extra-terrestrial relays&lt;/span&gt;" for remote communication. By the way, the idea was based on a proposal to use spare &lt;a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;amp;ct=res&amp;amp;cd=2&amp;amp;url=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FV-2_rocket&amp;amp;ei=SIHgR_GPEoauiAHxte2bBg&amp;amp;usg=AFQjCNHJWEcPsaw2cNus0wuoGWKdtR-ZuA&amp;amp;sig2=Lml8mwN6ERLmBw-T_xxsow"&gt;V2 rockets&lt;/a&gt; for peaceful purposes.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Clark was a genuine renaissance man. He combined so many talents: writer, inventor, futurologist, scientist, propagandist, space evangelist, and so many more. Certainly, we all are going to miss him.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3414960952996672974-646138872481522347?l=samuelsotillo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/feeds/646138872481522347/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3414960952996672974&amp;postID=646138872481522347' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/646138872481522347'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/646138872481522347'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/2008/03/arthur-c-clark-rip.html' title='Arthur C. Clark R.I.P.'/><author><name>Samuel F. Sotillo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05537777895508725811</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='23' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/Sz5wwg8NUDI/AAAAAAAAAFk/Wv-1zeDTddA/S220/me+7b.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3414960952996672974.post-883692579513281916</id><published>2008-03-14T22:45:00.000-04:00</published><updated>2009-05-19T09:43:15.720-04:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Bolaño'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Conrad'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Politics'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='British'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='literature'/><title type='text'>Conrad and the misery of violent revolutions</title><content type='html'>We all know that &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Conrad"&gt;Joseph Conrad&lt;/a&gt; was a great novelist--perhaps the best of his time. However, he also was a great political thinker; and I particularly appreciate his insights on the theory of violent revolutions.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;For instance, in his novel &lt;a style="font-style: italic;" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=Rq3w6IHxPvQC&amp;amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;amp;dq=editions:ISBN0140188495#PPA117,M1"&gt;Under Western Eyes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;  Conrad uncovers the crude and embarrassing reality of violent revolutions:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;"&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;A violent revolution falls into the hands of narrow-minded fanatics and of tyrannical hypocrites at first. Afterwards comes the turn of all the pretentious intellectual failures of the time. Such are the chiefs and the leaders. You will notice that I have left out the mere rogues. The scrupulous and the just, the noble, humane and devoted natures; the unselfish and the intelligent may begin a movement--but it passes away from them. They are not the leaders of a revolution. They are its victims: the victims of disgust, of disenchantment--often of remorse. Hopes grotesquely betrayed, ideals caricatured--that is the definition of revolutionary success&lt;/span&gt;."&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In my opinion, Conrad's words describe the uncanny relationship between revolutionary idealism and revolutionary reality--between men of ideas and men of actions.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Also, they remind me a lot of Roberto Bolaño's &lt;a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;amp;ct=res&amp;amp;cd=4&amp;amp;url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.letraslibres.com%2Fpdf.php%3Fid%3D5736&amp;amp;ei=0T3bR-uJHKjkigHSns3dBQ&amp;amp;usg=AFQjCNHpclk6rtAK0mRgYTSPysAMfTR3NQ&amp;amp;sig2=YCLIskYz0_zSzqpR_MEScA"&gt;acceptance speech&lt;/a&gt; for the &lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premio_R%C3%B3mulo_Gallegos"&gt;Romulo Gallegos Prize&lt;/a&gt;. In his speech, Bolaño concludes that all of his works are a sort of "love or farewell letter" to his generation--a generation he believes was betrayed by its chiefs and leaders, much the same way Conrad describes in many of his books.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;At the end, we may suggest that both Bolaño's generation and Conrad's characters end up sharing a common sentiment--remorse.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3414960952996672974-883692579513281916?l=samuelsotillo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/feeds/883692579513281916/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3414960952996672974&amp;postID=883692579513281916' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/883692579513281916'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/883692579513281916'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/2008/03/conrad-and-misery-of-violent.html' title='Conrad and the misery of violent revolutions'/><author><name>Samuel F. Sotillo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05537777895508725811</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='23' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/Sz5wwg8NUDI/AAAAAAAAAFk/Wv-1zeDTddA/S220/me+7b.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3414960952996672974.post-2338612545780658143</id><published>2008-03-04T08:34:00.000-05:00</published><updated>2009-05-19T09:44:20.695-04:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Nazism'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Latino America'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Bolaño'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='literature'/><title type='text'>Bolaño goes on</title><content type='html'>Washington Post's &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;articulista&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Dirda"&gt;Michael Dirda&lt;/a&gt; has just published a &lt;a href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/02/28/AR2008022803418.html"&gt;review&lt;/a&gt;  about Bolaño's &lt;a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0811217051?ie=UTF8&amp;amp;tag=cibernetica&amp;amp;linkCode=as2&amp;amp;camp=1789&amp;amp;creative=9325&amp;amp;creativeASIN=0811217051"&gt;Nazi Literature in the Americas&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=cibernetica&amp;amp;l=as2&amp;amp;o=1&amp;amp;a=0811217051" alt="" style="border: medium none  ! important; margin: 0px ! important;" border="0" height="1" width="1" /&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In his review, Dirda clinches that Bolaño's book is challenging not because of being difficult  but because of its politically incorrect title. After all, he insists, you may not want to tote around a book with a title so suggestive of Nazism. And if you do, he goes on,  you better have an explanation ready in advance.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Dirda's comments remind me of something from my teenage years. Then (and now), I was an ardent reader of biographies--and I mean &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;ardent&lt;/span&gt;. I read everything about anybody. Also, I used to get pictures of the people whose biography I was reading at the moment--perhaps because I like the idea of looking at their faces trying to figure out their inner beings.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In one occasion, while I was reading a bio of Adolf Hitler, I went to a local copy shop to get Hitler's picture copied from a book. I remember the face of the shop owner when she saw the picture. She glared at me through her glasses and asked me: do you know who this person was? I answered, yes I do! Then, she took the book, copied the picture and handled it back to me with a sense of disbelief. The &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;moraleja&lt;/span&gt;, unless you want to reckon with the clumsiness (or unless you are one of those provocateurs as Bolaño himself was), anytime you want to carry around something related to Nazism,  wrap it around with an opaque cover, as Dirda intelligently recommends.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3414960952996672974-2338612545780658143?l=samuelsotillo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/feeds/2338612545780658143/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3414960952996672974&amp;postID=2338612545780658143' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/2338612545780658143'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/2338612545780658143'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/2008/03/bolao-goes-on.html' title='Bolaño goes on'/><author><name>Samuel F. Sotillo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05537777895508725811</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='23' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/Sz5wwg8NUDI/AAAAAAAAAFk/Wv-1zeDTddA/S220/me+7b.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3414960952996672974.post-782288895888737486</id><published>2008-02-27T00:12:00.000-05:00</published><updated>2009-05-19T09:44:38.234-04:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Nazism'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Latino America'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Bolaño'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='literature'/><title type='text'>Otra vez Bolaño</title><content type='html'>La editorial &lt;a href="http://www.ndpublishing.com/"&gt;New Directions&lt;/a&gt; acaba de lanzar la primera edición en lengua inglesa de la obra Bolañiana &lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt;La Literatura Nazi en América &lt;/span&gt;(&lt;a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0811217051?ie=UTF8&amp;tag=cibernetica&amp;linkCode=as2&amp;camp=1789&amp;creative=9325&amp;creativeASIN=0811217051"&gt;Nazi Literature in the Americas&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=cibernetica&amp;l=as2&amp;o=1&amp;a=0811217051" width="1" height="1" border="0" alt="" style="border:none !important; margin:0px !important;" /&gt;). Aunque es una obra menor de Bolaño, la recepción crítica ha sido bastante buena... so far.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Por ejemplo, este comentario del profesor del &lt;a href="http://www.baruch.cuny.edu/"&gt;Baruch College&lt;/a&gt; en Nueva York, &lt;a href="http://web.gc.cuny.edu/english/fac_jbrenkman.html"&gt;John Brenkman&lt;/a&gt;, fue publicado recientemente por &lt;a href="http://www.villagevoice.com/books/0808,302448,302448,10.html"&gt;The Village Voice&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Yo no he leído aún esta novelita de &lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_Bola%C3%B1o"&gt;Bolaño&lt;/a&gt;, pero la tengo en mi lista. Considerando la calidad de lo que he leído hasta este momento, no dudo ni un segundo en recomendarla. Basado en lo que he le&amp;iacute;do hasta ahora sobre esta obra, la misma pareciera ser un tributo de Bolaño a su precursor &lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorge_Luis_Borges"&gt;Jorge Luis Borges&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;En mi opinión, las obras de Bolaño deberían ser lectura obligada para cualquiera que hable español. Bueno, ahora que varias de estas obras están disponibles en la lengua anglo-sajona, también deberían ser referencia obligada para aquellos que quieren comprender las complejidades y riqueza de matices de nuestra Latino América.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;En todo caso, en cuanto la lea les cuento...&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3414960952996672974-782288895888737486?l=samuelsotillo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/feeds/782288895888737486/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3414960952996672974&amp;postID=782288895888737486' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/782288895888737486'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/782288895888737486'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/2008/02/otra-vez-bolao.html' title='Otra vez Bolaño'/><author><name>Samuel F. Sotillo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05537777895508725811</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='23' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/Sz5wwg8NUDI/AAAAAAAAAFk/Wv-1zeDTddA/S220/me+7b.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3414960952996672974.post-2753596817280786335</id><published>2008-02-25T03:18:00.000-05:00</published><updated>2009-05-19T09:48:12.821-04:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Middle Ages'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Manrique'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Spanish'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Poetry'/><title type='text'>Jorge Manrique: warrior and poet</title><content type='html'>Recently, I’ve been reading some of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorge_Manrique"&gt;Jorge Manrique&lt;/a&gt;’s poetry. Manrique was a 15th century Spanish poet. His best known work is the &lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt;Coplas por la muerte de su padre&lt;/span&gt; (transl. &lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt;Stanzas about the Death of his Father&lt;/span&gt;), a long elegy written to commemorate the death of Manrique's father, Rodrigo Manrique, in 1476.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;What's more, Manrique also was a very interesting individual. As it was common at his time, he was a warrior knight too, participating in the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Castilian_Succession"&gt;Castilian Succession War&lt;/a&gt;, on the side of Isabel of Trastámara, the future queen &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabella_of_Castile"&gt;Isabel I of Castile&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt;La Cat&amp;oacute;lica&lt;/span&gt; (the &lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt;Catholic Queen&lt;/span&gt;).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The &lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt;Coplas &lt;/span&gt;is a relatively long poem—about 40 stanzas. It is divided into three sections, each one dealing with a different theme—terrestrial life, heavenly life and the life of fame and remembrance.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I particularly like the simplicity and preciseness of the language used by Manrique—you won't find any complicated metaphors or adornments—just straight language with a twist—or rhyme. If you have a good command of the Spanish language I recommend you to read Manrique’s &lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt;Coplas&lt;/span&gt;. An online version is available &lt;a href="http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/FichaObra.html?Ref=7074"&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;If you don’t do Spanish, you may try &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Wadsworth_Longfellow"&gt;Henry Wadsworth Longfellow&lt;/a&gt;’s translation. Google has a scanned version &lt;a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=Hp4OAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PA11&amp;dq=longfellow+manrique&amp;ei=2XjCR7PjC4TqiQHI3azACA"&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;By the way, there is an interesting book by &lt;a href="http://www.unc.edu/"&gt;University of North Carolina Chapel Hill&lt;/a&gt;'s professor Frank Dom&amp;iacute;nguez which is available as &lt;a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0813116511?ie=UTF8&amp;tag=cibernetica&amp;linkCode=as2&amp;camp=1789&amp;creative=9325&amp;creativeASIN=0813116511"&gt;Love and Remembrance: The Poetry of Jorge Manrique (Studies in Romance Languages)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=cibernetica&amp;l=as2&amp;o=1&amp;a=0813116511" width="1" height="1" border="0" alt="" style="border:none !important; margin:0px !important;" /&gt;".&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3414960952996672974-2753596817280786335?l=samuelsotillo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/feeds/2753596817280786335/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3414960952996672974&amp;postID=2753596817280786335' title='2 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/2753596817280786335'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/2753596817280786335'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/2008/02/jorge-manrique-warrior-and-poet.html' title='Jorge Manrique: warrior and poet'/><author><name>Samuel F. Sotillo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05537777895508725811</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='23' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/Sz5wwg8NUDI/AAAAAAAAAFk/Wv-1zeDTddA/S220/me+7b.jpg'/></author><thr:total>2</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3414960952996672974.post-3738736872380709850</id><published>2008-02-24T11:49:00.000-05:00</published><updated>2009-05-19T09:46:47.184-04:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='princeton'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='encryption'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='security'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='times'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='computer'/><title type='text'>More about cooling the boot for data thieves...</title><content type='html'>The following is a video/presentation made by the people at Princeton's &lt;a href="http://citp.princeton.edu/"&gt;Center for Information Technology Policy&lt;/a&gt;. As I &lt;a href="http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/2008/02/to-steal-it-cool-it-down.html"&gt;posted before&lt;/a&gt;, they have just published an article that describes a technique to recover encrypted data by simply freezing memory chips.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;What I like the most about the video is the way it explains the basic rationale behind this discovery. They just make the whole idea so simple to understand!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;object height="28" width="340"&gt;&lt;param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/JDaicPIgn9U&amp;amp;rel=1"&gt;&lt;param name="wmode" value="transparent"&gt;&lt;embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/JDaicPIgn9U&amp;amp;rel=1" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" wmode="transparent" height="355" width="425"&gt;&lt;/embed&gt;&lt;/object&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3414960952996672974-3738736872380709850?l=samuelsotillo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/feeds/3738736872380709850/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3414960952996672974&amp;postID=3738736872380709850' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/3738736872380709850'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/3738736872380709850'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/2008/02/more-about-cooling-boot-for-data.html' title='More about cooling the boot for data thieves...'/><author><name>Samuel F. Sotillo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05537777895508725811</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='23' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/Sz5wwg8NUDI/AAAAAAAAAFk/Wv-1zeDTddA/S220/me+7b.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3414960952996672974.post-6776992673290140902</id><published>2008-02-23T18:17:00.000-05:00</published><updated>2009-05-19T09:41:54.727-04:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='sotillo family'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='genealogy'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='venezuela'/><title type='text'>Talking about genes...</title><content type='html'>Recently, I started getting together all the information I have about my family tree. To be honest, it is a project I've been working on for a long time--one I started under my father's father supervision.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;My grandfather was always interested in everything related to our family history. He died in 1992. After his death, I kind of inherited the job of keeper of our family's history. Fortunately, the job wasn't that difficult anyway because of the fact that his (our) ancestors were from a family of old &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantuano"&gt;mantuanos&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;--the word used in colonial Venezuela to refer to rich, well connected individuals--very much concerned with pedigree or &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;hidalguía&lt;/span&gt; matters--actually making my job a lot easier.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Anyway, for those interested, details about my family tree are available &lt;a href="http://www.geni.com/profile/index/5020565270350139379"&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;. The site is &lt;a href="http://www.geni.com/"&gt;Geni.com&lt;/a&gt;, a repository of genealogical data put together by the &lt;a href="http://www.mormon.org/mormonorg/eng/"&gt;Mormon Church&lt;/a&gt;. In a future post I will talk a little bit more about this topic--how to collect data, where to look up, what tools are available out there, etc.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3414960952996672974-6776992673290140902?l=samuelsotillo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/feeds/6776992673290140902/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3414960952996672974&amp;postID=6776992673290140902' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/6776992673290140902'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3414960952996672974/posts/default/6776992673290140902'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://samuelsotillo.blogspot.com/2008/02/talking-about-genes.html' title='Talking about genes...'/><author><name>Samuel F. Sotillo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05537777895508725811</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='23' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TbcQ3JX6waE/Sz5wwg8NUDI/AAAAAAAAAFk/Wv-1zeDTddA/S220/me+7b.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3414960952996672974.post-3138947300998202204</id><published>2008-02-23T16:09:00.000-05:00</published><updated>2009-05-19T09:47:04.802-04:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='princeton'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='encryption'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='security'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='times'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='computer'/><title type='text'>You wanna steal it? Cool it down!</title><content type='html'>A recent &lt;a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/22/technology/22chip.html?em&amp;amp;ex=1203829200&amp;amp;en=fcb9fd1d351c8d5e&amp;amp;ei=5087%0A"&gt;article&lt;/a&gt; published by the &lt;a href="http://www.nytimes.com/"&gt;New York Times&lt;/a&gt; reports that a group of computer security researchers at &lt;a href="http://www.princeton.edu/main/"&gt;Princeton&lt;/a&gt; have developed a new technique to "&lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt;steal encrypted information stored on computer hard disks&lt;/span&gt;."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In a nutshell, the technique is based on the fact that standard memory chips (RAMs) actually retain the data for some seconds and sometimes even minutes after power is turned off. So, according to the researchers, if we cool a chip with liquid nitrogen (or about 196 Centigrade degrees below zero), the chip can retain the stored data for hours. In other words, the cooler the chips are, the longer the data is retained.  The rationale behind is that thieves may be able to recover transient security data stored in memory chips which may subsequently allow them to decrypt protected data stored in more durable media such as magnetic storage devices or hard disks.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The security implications are obvious. Computer criminals may gain access to classified information by simply getting th
